9129767 XJF3ZTZN 1 apa 50 date desc year Hamdoun 18 https://ahamdoun.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A50%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22V24YG3F2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nesbit%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-10-22%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENesbit%2C%20K.%20T.%2C%20Hargadon%2C%20A.%20C.%2C%20Renaudin%2C%20G.%20D.%2C%20Kraieski%2C%20N.%20D.%2C%20Buckley%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Darin%2C%20E.%2C%20Lee%2C%20Y.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schrankel%2C%20C.%20S.%20%282024%29.%20Characterization%20of%20cellular%20and%20molecular%20immune%20components%20of%20the%20painted%20white%20sea%20urchin%20%3Ci%3ELytechinus%20pictus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20in%20response%20to%20bacterial%20infection.%20%3Ci%3EImmunology%20%26amp%3B%20Cell%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20imcb.12828.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fimcb.12828%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fimcb.12828%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Characterization%20of%20cellular%20and%20molecular%20immune%20components%20of%20the%20painted%20white%20sea%20urchin%20%3Ci%3ELytechinus%20pictus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20in%20response%20to%20bacterial%20infection%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katherine%20T%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nesbit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexis%20Cody%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hargadon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gloria%20D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Renaudin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%20D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kraieski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katherine%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buckley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Darin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yoon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catherine%20S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schrankel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Sea%20urchins%20are%20basal%20deuterostomes%20that%20share%20key%20molecular%20components%20of%20innate%20immunity%20with%20vertebrates.%20They%20are%20a%20powerful%20model%20for%20the%20study%20of%20innate%20immune%20system%20evolution%20and%20function%2C%20especially%20during%20early%20development.%20Here%20we%20characterize%20the%20morphology%20and%20associated%20molecular%20markers%20of%20larval%20immune%20cell%20types%20in%20a%20newly%20developed%20model%20sea%20urchin%2C%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Lytechinus%20pictus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20We%20then%20challenge%20larvae%20through%20infection%20with%20an%20established%20pathogenic%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Vibrio%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20and%20characterize%20phenotypic%20and%20molecular%20responses.%20We%20contrast%20these%20to%20the%20previously%20described%20immune%20responses%20of%20the%20purple%20sea%20urchin%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20The%20results%20revealed%20shared%20cellular%20morphologies%20and%20homologs%20of%20known%20pigment%20cell%20immunocyte%20markers%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20PKS%2C%20srcr142%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20but%20a%20striking%20absence%20of%20subsets%20of%20perforin%5Cu2010like%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20macpf%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20genes%20in%20blastocoelar%20cell%20immunocytes.%20We%20also%20identified%20novel%20patterning%20of%20cells%20expressing%20a%20scavenger%20receptor%20cysteine%20rich%20%28SRCR%29%20gene%20in%20the%20coelomic%20pouches%20of%20the%20larva%20%28the%20embryonic%20stem%20cell%20niche%29.%20The%20SRCR%20signal%20becomes%20further%20enriched%20in%20both%20pouches%20in%20response%20to%20bacterial%20infection.%20Collectively%2C%20these%20results%20provide%20a%20foundation%20for%20the%20study%20of%20immune%20responses%20in%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20L.%5Cu2009pictus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20The%20characterization%20of%20the%20larval%20immune%20system%20of%20this%20rapidly%20developing%20and%20genetically%20enabled%20sea%20urchin%20species%20will%20facilitate%20more%20sophisticated%20studies%20of%20innate%20immunity%20and%20the%20crosstalk%20between%20the%20immune%20system%20and%20development.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-10-22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fimcb.12828%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220818-9641%2C%201440-1711%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fimcb.12828%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-11-16T00%3A30%3A47Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YPLYZY83%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jackson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-10-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJackson%2C%20E.%20W.%2C%20Romero%2C%20E.%2C%20Kling%2C%20S.%2C%20Lee%2C%20Y.%2C%20Tjeerdema%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282024%29.%20Stable%20germline%20transgenesis%20using%20the%20%3Ci%3EMinos%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Tc1%5C%2F%20%3Ci%3Emariner%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20element%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20%3Ci%3ELytechinus%20pictus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopment%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E151%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2820%29%2C%20dev202991.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.202991%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.202991%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Stable%20germline%20transgenesis%20using%20the%20%3Ci%3EMinos%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20Tc1%5C%2F%20%3Ci%3Emariner%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20element%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20%3Ci%3ELytechinus%20pictus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elliot%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emilio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Romero%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Svenja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yoon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tjeerdema%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ABSTRACT%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Stable%20transgenesis%20is%20a%20transformative%20tool%20in%20model%20organism%20biology.%20Although%20the%20sea%20urchin%20is%20one%20of%20the%20oldest%20animal%20models%20in%20cell%20and%20developmental%20biology%2C%20studies%20in%20this%20animal%20have%20largely%20relied%20on%20transient%20manipulation%20of%20wild%20animals%2C%20without%20a%20strategy%20for%20stable%20transgenesis.%20Here%2C%20we%20build%20on%20recent%20progress%20to%20develop%20a%20more%20genetically%20tractable%20sea%20urchin%20species%2C%20Lytechinus%20pictus%2C%20and%20establish%20a%20robust%20transgene%20integration%20method.%20Three%20commonly%20used%20transposons%20%28Minos%2C%20Tol2%20and%20piggyBac%29%20were%20tested%20for%20non-autonomous%20transposition%2C%20using%20plasmids%20containing%20a%20polyubiquitin%20promoter%20upstream%20of%20a%20H2B-mCerulean%20nuclear%20marker.%20Minos%20was%20the%20only%20transposable%20element%20that%20resulted%20in%20significant%20expression%20beyond%20metamorphosis.%20F0%20animals%20were%20raised%20to%20sexual%20maturity%2C%20and%20spawned%20to%20determine%20germline%20integration%20and%20transgene%20inheritance%20frequency%2C%20and%20to%20characterize%20expression%20patterns%20of%20the%20transgene%20in%20F1%20progeny.%20The%20results%20demonstrate%20transgene%20transmission%20through%20the%20germline%2C%20the%20first%20example%20of%20a%20germline%20transgenic%20sea%20urchin%20and%2C%20indeed%2C%20of%20any%20echinoderm.%20This%20milestone%20paves%20the%20way%20for%20the%20generation%20of%20diverse%20transgenic%20resources%20that%20will%20dramatically%20enhance%20the%20utility%2C%20reproducibility%20and%20efficiency%20of%20sea%20urchin%20research.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-10-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fdev.202991%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220950-1991%2C%201477-9129%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.biologists.com%5C%2Fdev%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F151%5C%2F20%5C%2Fdev202991%5C%2F361658%5C%2FStable-germline-transgenesis-using-the-Minos-Tc1%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-10-14T21%3A30%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NRCQWIBF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Barone%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-10-15%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBarone%2C%20V.%2C%20Tagua%2C%20A.%2C%20Rom%26%23xE1%3Bn%2C%20J.%20%26%23xC1%3B.%20A.-S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20Garrido-Garc%26%23xED%3Ba%2C%20J.%2C%20Lyons%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Escudero%2C%20L.%20M.%20%282024%29.%20Local%20and%20global%20changes%20in%20cell%20density%20induce%20reorganisation%20of%203D%20packing%20in%20a%20proliferating%20epithelium.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopment%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E151%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2820%29%2C%20dev202362.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.202362%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.202362%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Local%20and%20global%20changes%20in%20cell%20density%20induce%20reorganisation%20of%203D%20packing%20in%20a%20proliferating%20epithelium%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vanessa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Antonio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tagua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jesus%20%5Cu00c1.%20Andr%5Cu00e9s-San%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rom%5Cu00e1n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrido-Garc%5Cu00eda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Deirdre%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lyons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Escudero%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ABSTRACT%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Tissue%20morphogenesis%20is%20intimately%20linked%20to%20the%20changes%20in%20shape%20and%20organisation%20of%20individual%20cells.%20In%20curved%20epithelia%2C%20cells%20can%20intercalate%20along%20their%20own%20apicobasal%20axes%2C%20adopting%20a%20shape%20named%20%5Cu2018scutoid%5Cu2019%20that%20allows%20energy%20minimization%20in%20the%20tissue.%20Although%20several%20geometric%20and%20biophysical%20factors%20have%20been%20associated%20with%20this%203D%20reorganisation%2C%20the%20dynamic%20changes%20underlying%20scutoid%20formation%20in%203D%20epithelial%20packing%20remain%20poorly%20understood.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20live%20imaging%20of%20the%20sea%20star%20embryo%20coupled%20with%20deep%20learning-based%20segmentation%20to%20dissect%20the%20relative%20contributions%20of%20cell%20density%2C%20tissue%20compaction%20and%20cell%20proliferation%20on%20epithelial%20architecture.%20We%20find%20that%20tissue%20compaction%2C%20which%20naturally%20occurs%20in%20the%20embryo%2C%20is%20necessary%20for%20the%20appearance%20of%20scutoids.%20Physical%20compression%20experiments%20identify%20cell%20density%20as%20the%20factor%20promoting%20scutoid%20formation%20at%20a%20global%20level.%20Finally%2C%20the%20comparison%20of%20the%20developing%20embryo%20with%20computational%20models%20indicates%20that%20the%20increase%20in%20the%20proportion%20of%20scutoids%20is%20directly%20associated%20with%20cell%20divisions.%20Our%20results%20suggest%20that%20apico-basal%20intercalations%20appearing%20immediately%20after%20mitosis%20may%20help%20accommodate%20the%20new%20cells%20within%20the%20tissue.%20We%20propose%20that%20proliferation%20in%20a%20compact%20epithelium%20induces%203D%20cell%20rearrangements%20during%20development.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-10-15%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fdev.202362%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220950-1991%2C%201477-9129%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.biologists.com%5C%2Fdev%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F151%5C%2F20%5C%2Fdev202362%5C%2F347141%5C%2FLocal-and-global-changes-in-cell-density-induce%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JPNP3L4P%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-06-10T20%3A54%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2256R8BC4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vacquier%20and%20Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-02-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVacquier%2C%20V.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282024%29.%20Cold%20storage%20and%20cryopreservation%20methods%20for%20spermatozoa%20of%20the%20sea%20urchins%20%3Cspan%20style%3D%5C%22font-variant%3Asmall-caps%3B%5C%22%3E%20%3Ci%3ELytechinus%20pictus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%20and%20%3Cspan%20style%3D%5C%22font-variant%3Asmall-caps%3B%5C%22%3E%20%3Ci%3EStrongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Dynamics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20dvdy.691.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.691%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.691%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cold%20storage%20and%20cryopreservation%20methods%20for%20spermatozoa%20of%20the%20sea%20urchins%20%3Cspan%20style%3D%5C%22font-variant%3Asmall-caps%3B%5C%22%3E%20%3Ci%3ELytechinus%20pictus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%20and%20%3Cspan%20style%3D%5C%22font-variant%3Asmall-caps%3B%5C%22%3E%20%3Ci%3EStrongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Victor%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vacquier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Background%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Sea%20urchins%20have%20contributed%20greatly%20to%20knowledge%20of%20fertilization%2C%20embryogenesis%2C%20and%20cell%20biology.%20However%2C%20until%20now%2C%20they%20have%20not%20been%20genetic%20model%20organisms%20because%20of%20their%20long%20generation%20times%20and%20lack%20of%20tools%20for%20husbandry%20and%20gene%20manipulation.%20We%20recently%20established%20the%20sea%20urchin%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Lytechinus%20pictus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20as%20a%20multigenerational%20model%20Echinoderm%2C%20because%20of%20its%20relatively%20short%20generation%20time%20of%204%5Cu20136%5Cu2009months%20and%20ease%20of%20laboratory%20culture.%20To%20take%20full%20advantage%20of%20this%20new%20multigenerational%20species%2C%20methods%20are%20needed%20to%20biobank%20and%20share%20genetically%20modified%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20L%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pictus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sperm.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Results%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Here%2C%20we%20describe%20a%20method%2C%20based%20on%20sperm%20ion%20physiology%20that%20maintains%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20L%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20pictus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20and%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20sperm%20fertilizable%20for%20at%20least%205%5Cu201310%5Cu2009weeks%20when%20stored%20at%200%5Cu00b0C.%20We%20also%20describe%20a%20new%20method%20to%20cryopreserve%20sperm%20of%20both%20species.%20Sperm%20of%20both%20species%20can%20be%20frozen%20and%20thawed%20at%20least%20twice%20and%20still%20give%20rise%20to%20larvae%20that%20undergo%20metamorphosis.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Conclusions%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20The%20simple%20methods%20we%20describe%20work%20well%20for%20both%20species%2C%20achieving%20%3E90%25%20embryo%20development%20and%20producing%20larvae%20that%20undergo%20metamorphosis%20to%20juvenile%20adults.%20We%20hope%20that%20these%20methods%20will%20be%20useful%20to%20others%20working%20on%20marine%20invertebrate%20sperm.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-02-10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.691%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221058-8388%2C%201097-0177%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fanatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.691%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-20T21%3A37%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223J98X8GN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tate%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETate%2C%20H.%20M.%2C%20Barone%2C%20V.%2C%20Schrankel%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lyons%2C%20D.%20C.%20%282024%29.%20Localization%20and%20origins%20of%20juvenile%20skeletogenic%20cells%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E514%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2012%26%23x2013%3B27.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2024.05.012%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2024.05.012%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Localization%20and%20origins%20of%20juvenile%20skeletogenic%20cells%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heidi%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vanessa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Catherine%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schrankel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Deirdre%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lyons%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2210%5C%2F2024%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2024.05.012%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2200121606%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0012160624001234%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JPNP3L4P%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-12T18%3A51%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227Z5VM75X%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tjeerdema%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-12-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETjeerdema%2C%20E.%2C%20Lee%2C%20Y.%2C%20Metry%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20Semi%26%23x2010%3Bautomated%2C%20high%26%23x2010%3Bcontent%20imaging%20of%20drug%20transporter%20knockout%20sea%20urchin%20%28%20%3Ci%3ELytechinus%20pictus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%29%20embryos.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Experimental%20Zoology%20Part%20B%3A%20Molecular%20and%20Developmental%20Evolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20jez.b.23231.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fjez.b.23231%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fjez.b.23231%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Semi%5Cu2010automated%2C%20high%5Cu2010content%20imaging%20of%20drug%20transporter%20knockout%20sea%20urchin%20%28%20%3Ci%3ELytechinus%20pictus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%29%20embryos%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tjeerdema%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yoon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rachel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20A%20defining%20feature%20of%20sea%20urchins%20is%20their%20extreme%20fecundity.%20Urchins%20produce%20millions%20of%20transparent%2C%20synchronously%20developing%20embryos%2C%20ideal%20for%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20analysis%20of%20development.%20This%20biological%20feature%20has%20been%20effectively%20utilized%20for%20ensemble%20measurement%20of%20biochemical%20changes.%20However%2C%20it%20has%20been%20underutilized%20in%20imaging%20studies%2C%20where%20single%20embryo%20measurements%20are%20used.%20Here%20we%20present%20an%20example%20of%20how%20stable%20genetics%20and%20high%20content%20imaging%2C%20along%20with%20machine%20learning%5Cu2010based%20image%20analysis%2C%20can%20be%20used%20to%20exploit%20the%20fecundity%20and%20synchrony%20of%20sea%20urchins%20in%20imaging%5Cu2010based%20drug%20screens.%20Building%20upon%20our%20recently%20created%20sea%20urchin%20ABCB1%20knockout%20line%2C%20we%20developed%20a%20high%5Cu2010throughput%20assay%20to%20probe%20the%20role%20of%20this%20drug%20transporter%20in%20embryos.%20We%20used%20high%20content%20imaging%20to%20compare%20accumulation%20and%20toxicity%20of%20canonical%20substrates%20and%20inhibitors%20of%20the%20transporter%2C%20including%20fluorescent%20molecules%20and%20antimitotic%20cancer%20drugs%2C%20in%20homozygous%20knockout%20and%20wildtype%20embryos.%20To%20measure%20responses%20from%20the%20resulting%20image%20data%2C%20we%20used%20a%20nested%20convolutional%20neural%20network%2C%20which%20rapidly%20classified%20embryos%20according%20to%20fluorescence%20or%20cell%20division.%20This%20approach%20identified%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%20with%2099.8%25%20accuracy%20and%20determined%20two%5Cu2010cell%20and%20aberrant%20embryos%20with%2096.3%25%20and%2089.1%25%20accuracy%2C%20respectively.%20The%20results%20revealed%20that%20ABCB1%20knockout%20embryos%20accumulated%20the%20transporter%20substrate%20calcein%203.09%20times%20faster%20than%20wildtypes.%20Similarly%2C%20knockouts%20were%204.71%20and%203.07%20times%20more%20sensitive%20to%20the%20mitotic%20poisons%20vinblastine%20and%20taxol.%20This%20study%20paves%20the%20way%20for%20large%20scale%20pharmacological%20screens%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20embryo.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Research%20Highlights%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Sea%20urchin%20embryos%20are%20widely%20used%20to%20study%20development%20and%20toxicology.%20Here%20we%20describe%20a%20screening%20platform%20for%20evaluating%20drug%20sensitivity%20in%20urchin%20embryos%2C%20using%20drug%20transporter%20%28ABCB1%29%20knockout%20lines%20of%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Lytechinus%20pictus%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20.%20We%20utilized%20semi%5Cu2010automated%20liquid%20handling%2C%20high%20content%20imaging%2C%20and%20machine%20learning%20to%20dramatically%20increase%20throughput.%20The%20results%20demonstrate%20chemosensitivity%20of%20drug%20transporter%20knockouts%2C%20and%20establish%20a%20powerful%20platform%20for%20drug%20screening%20in%20sea%20urchin%20lines.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-12-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fjez.b.23231%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221552-5007%2C%201552-5015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fjez.b.23231%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-02-14T19%3A42%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XTQ2PF9T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Michel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-09-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMichel%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20Wen%2C%20C.%20C.%2C%20Yee%2C%20S.%20W.%2C%20Giacomini%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nicklisch%2C%20S.%20C.%20T.%20%282023%29.%20%3Cspan%20style%3D%5C%22font-variant%3Asmall-caps%3B%5C%22%3ETICBase%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20Integrated%20Resource%20for%20Data%20on%20Drug%20and%20Environmental%20Chemical%20Interactions%20with%20Mammalian%20Drug%20Transporters.%20%3Ci%3EClinical%20Pharmacology%20%26amp%3B%20Therapeutics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20cpt.3036.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fcpt.3036%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fcpt.3036%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22%3Cspan%20style%3D%5C%22font-variant%3Asmall-caps%3B%5C%22%3ETICBase%3C%5C%2Fspan%3E%20%3A%20Integrated%20Resource%20for%20Data%20on%20Drug%20and%20Environmental%20Chemical%20Interactions%20with%20Mammalian%20Drug%20Transporters%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Michel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sook%20Wah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kathleen%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Giacomini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sascha%20C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nicklisch%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Environmental%20health%20science%20seeks%20to%20predict%20how%20environmental%20toxins%2C%20chemical%20toxicants%2C%20and%20prescription%20drugs%20accumulate%20and%20interact%20within%20the%20body.%20Xenobiotic%20transporters%20of%20the%20ATP%5Cu2010binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20and%20solute%20carrier%20%28SLC%29%20superfamilies%20are%20major%20determinants%20of%20the%20uptake%20and%20disposition%20of%20xenobiotics%20across%20the%20kingdoms%20of%20life.%20The%20goal%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20integrate%20drug%20and%20environmental%20chemical%20interactions%20of%20mammalian%20ABC%20and%20SLC%20proteins%20in%20a%20centralized%2C%20integrative%20database.%20We%20built%20upon%20an%20existing%20publicly%20accessible%20platform%5Cu2014the%20%5Cu201cTransPortal%5Cu201d%5Cu2014which%20was%20updated%20with%20novel%20data%20and%20searchable%20features%20on%20transporter%5Cu2010interfering%20chemicals%20from%20manually%20curated%20literature%20data.%20The%20integrated%20resource%20TransPortal%5Cu2010TICBase%20%28%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftransportal.compbio.ucsf.edu%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%29%20now%20contains%20information%20on%2046%20different%20mammalian%20xenobiotic%20transporters%20of%20the%20ABC%5Cu2010%20and%20SLC%5Cu2010type%20superfamilies%2C%20including%2013%20newly%20added%20rodent%20and%202%20additional%20human%20drug%20transporters%2C%20126%20clinical%20drug%5Cu2013drug%20interactions%2C%20and%20a%20more%20than%20quadrupled%20expansion%20of%20the%20initial%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20in%20vitro%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20chemical%20interaction%20data%20from%201%2C402%20to%206%2C296%20total%20interactions.%20Based%20on%20our%20updated%20database%2C%20environmental%20interference%20with%20major%20human%20and%20rodent%20drug%20transporters%20occurs%20across%20the%20ABC%5Cu2010%20and%20SLC%5Cu2010type%20superfamilies%2C%20with%20kinetics%20indicating%20that%20some%20chemicals%2C%20such%20as%20the%20ionic%20liquid%201%5Cu2010hexylpyridinium%20chloride%20and%20the%20antiseptic%20chlorhexidine%2C%20can%20act%20as%20strong%20inhibitors%20with%20potencies%20similar%20or%20even%20higher%20than%20pharmacological%20model%20inhibitors.%20The%20new%20integrated%20web%20portal%20serves%20as%20a%20central%20repository%20of%20current%20and%20emerging%20data%20for%20interactions%20of%20prescription%20drugs%20and%20environmental%20chemicals%20with%20human%20drug%20transporters.%20This%20archive%20has%20important%20implications%20for%20predicting%20adverse%20drug%5Cu2013drug%20and%20drug%5Cu2010environmental%20chemical%20interactions%20and%20can%20serve%20as%20a%20reference%20website%20for%20the%20broader%20scientific%20community%20of%20clinicians%20and%20researchers.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-09-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fcpt.3036%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220009-9236%2C%201532-6535%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fcpt.3036%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-25T17%3A31%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZRF32JYD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lee%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELee%2C%20Y.%2C%20Tjeerdema%2C%20E.%2C%20Kling%2C%20S.%2C%20Chang%2C%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20Solute%20carrier%20%28SLC%29%20expression%20reveals%20skeletogenic%20cell%20diversity.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E503%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2068%26%23x2013%3B82.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2023.08.004%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2023.08.004%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Solute%20carrier%20%28SLC%29%20expression%20reveals%20skeletogenic%20cell%20diversity%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yoon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tjeerdema%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Svenja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nathan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2211%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2023.08.004%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2200121606%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0012160623001434%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-25T17%3A18%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MBDNZ8KA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vyas%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVyas%2C%20H.%2C%20Schrankel%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20Espinoza%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Mitchell%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Nesbit%2C%20K.%20T.%2C%20Jackson%2C%20E.%2C%20Chang%2C%20N.%2C%20Lee%2C%20Y.%2C%20Warner%2C%20J.%2C%20Reitzel%2C%20A.%2C%20Lyons%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282022%29.%20Generation%20of%20a%20homozygous%20mutant%20drug%20transporter%20%28ABCB1%29%20knockout%20line%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopment%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E149%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%207.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.200644%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.200644%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Generation%20of%20a%20homozygous%20mutant%20drug%20transporter%20%28ABCB1%29%20knockout%20line%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vyas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schrankel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Espinoza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nesbit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Warner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reitzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lyons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Sea%20urchins%20are%20premier%20model%20organisms%20for%20the%20study%20of%20early%20development.%20However%2C%20the%20lengthy%20generation%20times%20of%20commonly%20used%20species%20have%20precluded%20application%20of%20stable%20genetic%20approaches.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20the%20painted%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%20to%20address%20this%20limitation%20and%20to%20generate%20a%20homozygous%20mutant%20sea%20urchin%20line.%20L.%20pictus%20has%20one%20of%20the%20shortest%20generation%20times%20of%20any%20currently%20used%20sea%20urchin.%20We%20leveraged%20this%20advantage%20to%20generate%20a%20knockout%20mutant%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20homolog%20of%20the%20drug%20transporter%20ABCB1%2C%20a%20major%20player%20in%20xenobiotic%20disposition%20for%20all%20animals.%20Using%20CRISPR%5C%2FCas9%2C%20we%20generated%20large%20fragment%20deletions%20of%20ABCB1%20and%20used%20these%20readily%20detected%20deletions%20to%20rapidly%20genotype%20and%20breed%20mutant%20animals%20to%20homozygosity%20in%20the%20F-2%20generation.%20The%20knockout%20larvae%20are%20produced%20according%20to%20expected%20Mendelian%20distribution%2C%20exhibit%20reduced%20xenobiotic%20efflux%20activity%20and%20can%20be%20grown%20tomaturity.%20This%20study%20represents%20a%20major%20step%20towards%20more%20sophisticated%20genetic%20manipulation%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20and%20the%20establishment%20of%20reproducible%20sea%20urchin%20animal%20resources.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fdev.200644%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220950-1991%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JPNP3L4P%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-14T15%3A43%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DH24GW3Y%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nicklisch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENicklisch%2C%20S.%20C.%20T.%2C%20Pouv%2C%20A.%20K.%2C%20Rees%2C%20S.%20D.%2C%20McGrath%2C%20A.%20P.%2C%20Chang%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282021%29.%20Transporter-interfering%20chemicals%20inhibit%20P-glycoprotein%20of%20yellowfin%20tuna%20%28Thunnus%20albacares%29.%20%3Ci%3EComparative%20Biochemistry%20and%20Physiology%20C-Toxicology%20%26amp%3B%20Pharmacology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E248%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2010.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cbpc.2021.109101%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.cbpc.2021.109101%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Transporter-interfering%20chemicals%20inhibit%20P-glycoprotein%20of%20yellowfin%20tuna%20%28Thunnus%20albacares%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nicklisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pouv%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rees%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGrath%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Marine%20pollutants%20bioaccumulate%20at%20high%20trophic%20levels%20of%20marine%20food%20webs%20and%20are%20transferred%20to%20humans%20through%20consumption%20of%20apex%20species.%20Yellowfin%20tuna%20%28Thunnus%20albacares%29%20are%20marine%20predators%2C%20and%20one%20of%20largest%20commercial%20fisheries%20in%20the%20world.%20Previous%20studies%20have%20shown%20that%20yellowfin%20tuna%20can%20accumulate%20high%20levels%20of%20persistent%20organic%20pollutants%2C%20including%20Transporter%20Interfering%20Chemicals%20%28TICs%29%2C%20which%20are%20chemicals%20shown%20to%20bind%20to%20mammalian%20xenobiotic%20transporters%20and%20interfere%20with%20their%20function.%20Here%2C%20we%20examined%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20these%20same%20compounds%20might%20interfere%20with%20the%20activity%20of%20the%20yellowfin%20tuna%20%28Thunnus%20albacares%29%20ortholog%20of%20this%20transporter.%20To%20accomplish%20this%20goal%20we%20identified%2C%20expressed%2C%20and%20functionally%20assayed%20tuna%20ABCB1.%20The%20results%20demonstrated%20a%20common%20mode%20of%20vertebrate%20ABCB1%20interaction%20with%20TICs%20that%20predicts%20effects%20across%20these%20species%2C%20based%20on%20high%20conservation%20of%20specific%20interacting%20residues.%20Importantly%20several%20TICs%20showed%20potent%20inhibition%20of%20Ta-ABCB1%2C%20such%20as%20the%20organochlorine%20pesticides%20Endrin%20%28EC50%20%3D%201.2%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.2%20mu%20M%29%20and%20Mirex%20%28EC50%20%3D%202.3%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.9%20mu%20M%29.%20However%2C%20unlike%20the%20effects%20observed%20on%20mouse%20ABCB1%2C%20low%20concentrations%20of%20the%20organochlorine%20pesticide%20TICs%20p%2Cp%27-DDT%20and%20its%20metabolite%20p%2Cp%27-DDD%20co-stimulated%20verapamil-induced%20Ta-ABCB1%20ATPase%20activity%20possibly%20suggesting%20a%20low%20transport%20activity%20for%20these%20ligands%20in%20tuna.%20These%20results%20provide%20a%20mechanistic%20basis%20for%20understanding%20the%20potential%20vulnerability%20of%20tuna%20to%20these%20ubquitous%20pollutants.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.cbpc.2021.109101%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221532-0456%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IUSX74LC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Vacquier%20and%20Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVacquier%2C%20V.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282021%29.%20New%20techniques%20for%20creating%20parthenogenetic%20larvae%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%20for%20gene%20expression%20studies.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Dynamics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.377%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.377%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22New%20techniques%20for%20creating%20parthenogenetic%20larvae%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%20for%20gene%20expression%20studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vacquier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%20Sea%20urchins%20are%20model%20organisms%20for%20studying%20the%20spatial-temporal%20control%20of%20gene%20activity%20during%20development.%20The%20Southern%20California%20species%2C%20Lytechinus%20pictus%2C%20has%20a%20sequenced%20genome%20and%20can%20be%20raised%20in%20the%20laboratory%20from%20egg%20to%20egg%20in%204%20to%205%20months.%20Results%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20new%20techniques%20for%20generating%20parthenogenetic%20larvae%20of%20this%20species%20and%20include%20a%20gallery%20of%20photomicrographs%20of%20morphologically%20abnormal%20larvae%20that%20could%20be%20used%20for%20transcriptomic%20analysis.%20Conclusions%20Comparison%20of%20gene%20expression%20in%20parthenogenotes%20to%20larvae%20produced%20by%20fertilization%20could%20provide%20novel%20insights%20into%20gene%20expression%20controls%20contributed%20by%20sperm%20in%20this%20important%20model%20organism.%20Knowledge%20gained%20from%20transcriptomics%20of%20sea%20urchin%20parthenogenotes%20could%20contribute%20to%20parthenogenetic%20studies%20of%20mammalian%20embryos.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.377%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221058-8388%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225WXQVTKW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Warner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWarner%2C%20J.%20F.%2C%20Lord%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Schreiter%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Nesbit%2C%20K.%20T.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lyons%2C%20D.%20C.%20%282021%29.%20Chromosomal-level%20genome%20assembly%20of%20the%20painted%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%3A%20A%20genetically%20enabled%20model%20system%20for%20cell%20biology%20and%20embryonic%20development.%20%3Ci%3EGenome%20Biology%20and%20Evolution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fgbe%5C%2Fevab061%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fgbe%5C%2Fevab061%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chromosomal-level%20genome%20assembly%20of%20the%20painted%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%3A%20A%20genetically%20enabled%20model%20system%20for%20cell%20biology%20and%20embryonic%20development%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Warner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lord%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schreiter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nesbit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lyons%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20painted%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%20is%20a%20sea%20urchin%20in%20the%20family%20Toxopneustidae%20and%20one%20of%20several%20sea%20urchin%20species%20that%20are%20routinely%20used%20as%20an%20experimental%20research%20organism.%20Recently%2C%20L.%20pictus%20has%20emerged%20as%20a%20tractable%20model%20system%20for%20establishing%20transgenic%20sea%20urchin%20lines%20due%20to%20its%20amenability%20to%20long%20term%20laboratory%20culture.%20We%20present%20the%20first%20published%20genome%20of%20L.%20pictus.%20This%20chromosomal-level%20assembly%20was%20generated%20using%20Illumina%20sequencing%20in%20conjunction%20with%20Oxford%20Nanopore%20Technologies%20long%20read%20sequencing%20and%20HiC%20chromatin%20conformation%20capture%20sequencing.%20The%20998.9-Mb%20assembly%20exhibits%20high%20contiguity%20and%20has%20a%20scaffold%20length%20N50%20of%2046.0Mb%20with%2097%25%20of%20the%20sequence%20assembled%20into%2019%20chromosomal-length%20scaffolds.%20These%2019%20scaffolds%20exhibit%20a%20high%20degree%20of%20synteny%20compared%20with%20the%2019%20chromosomes%20of%20a%20related%20species%20Lytechinus%20variegatus.%20Ab%20initio%20and%20transcript%20evidence%20gene%20modeling%2C%20combined%20with%20sequence%20homology%2C%20identified%2028%2C631%20gene%20models%20that%20capture%2092%25%20of%20BUSCO%20orthologs.%20This%20annotation%20strategy%20was%20validated%20by%20manual%20curation%20of%20gene%20models%20for%20the%20ABC%20transporter%20superfamily%2C%20which%20confirmed%20the%20completeness%20and%20accuracy%20of%20the%20annotations.%20Thus%2C%20this%20genome%20assembly%2C%20in%20conjunction%20with%20recent%20high%20contiguity%20assemblies%20of%20related%20species%2C%20positions%20L.%20pictus%20as%20an%20exceptional%20model%20system%20for%20comparative%20functional%20genomics%20and%20it%20will%20be%20a%20key%20resource%20for%20the%20developmental%2C%20toxicological%2C%20and%20ecological%20biology%20scientific%20communities.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fgbe%5C%2Fevab061%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221759-6653%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JPNP3L4P%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-08-05T16%3A09%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22684PAGLH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schrankel%20and%20Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchrankel%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282021%29.%20Early%20patterning%20of%20ABCB%2C%20ABCC%2C%20and%20ABCG%20transporters%20establishes%20unique%20territories%20of%20small%20molecule%20transport%20in%20embryonic%20mesoderm%20and%20endoderm.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E472%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20115%26%23x2013%3B124.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2020.12.021%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2020.12.021%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Early%20patterning%20of%20ABCB%2C%20ABCC%2C%20and%20ABCG%20transporters%20establishes%20unique%20territories%20of%20small%20molecule%20transport%20in%20embryonic%20mesoderm%20and%20endoderm%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schrankel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Directed%20intercellular%20movement%20of%20diverse%20small%20molecules%2C%20including%20metabolites%2C%20signal%20molecules%20and%20xenobiotics%2C%20is%20a%20key%20feature%20of%20multicellularity.%20Networks%20of%20small%20molecule%20transporters%20%28SMTs%29%2C%20including%20several%20ATP%20Binding%20Cassette%20%28ABC%29%20transporters%2C%20are%20central%20to%20this%20process.%20While%20small%20molecule%20transporters%20are%20well%20described%20in%20differentiated%20organs%2C%20little%20is%20known%20about%20their%20patterns%20of%20expression%20in%20early%20embryogenesis.%20Here%20we%20report%20the%20pattern%20of%20ABC-type%20SMT%20expression%20and%20activity%20during%20the%20early%20development%20of%20sea%20urchins.%20Of%20the%20six%20major%20ABCs%20in%20this%20embryo%20%28ABCB1%2C%20-B4%2C%20-C1%2C%20-C4%2C%20-C5%20and%20-G2%29%2C%20three%20expression%20patterns%20were%20observed%3A%201%29%20ABCB1%20and%20ABCC1%20are%20first%20expressed%20ubiquitously%2C%20and%20then%20become%20enriched%20in%20endoderm%20and%20ectoderm-derived%20structures.%202%29%20ABCC4%20and%20ABCC5%20are%20restricted%20to%20a%20ring%20of%20mesoderm%20in%20the%20blastula%20and%20ABCC4%20is%20later%20expressed%20in%20the%20coelomic%20pouches%2C%20the%20embryonic%20niche%20of%20the%20primordial%20germ%20cells.%203%29%20ABCB4%20and%20ABCG2%20are%20expressed%20exclusively%20in%20endoderm-fated%20cells.%20Assays%20with%20fluorescent%20substrates%20and%20inhibitors%20of%20transporters%20revealed%20a%20ring%20of%20ABCC4%20efflux%20activity%20emanating%20from%20ABCC4%28%2B%29%20mesodermal%20cells.%20Similarly%2C%20ABCB1%20and%20ABCB4%20efflux%20activity%20was%20observed%20in%20the%20developing%20gut%2C%20prior%20to%20the%20onset%20of%20feeding.%20This%20study%20reveals%20the%20early%20establishment%20of%20unique%20territories%20of%20small%20molecule%20transport%20during%20embryogenesis.%20A%20pattern%20of%20ABCC4%5C%2FC5%20expression%20is%20consistent%20with%20signaling%20functions%20during%20gut%20invagination%20and%20germ%20line%20development%2C%20while%20a%20later%20pattern%20of%20ABCB1%5C%2FB4%20and%20ABCG2%20is%20consistent%20with%20roles%20in%20the%20embryonic%20gut.%20This%20work%20provides%20a%20conceptual%20framework%20with%20which%20to%20examine%20the%20function%20and%20evolution%20of%20SMT%20networks%20and%20to%20define%20the%20specific%20developmental%20pathways%20that%20drive%20the%20expression%20of%20these%20genes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2020.12.021%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-1606%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FQL4PHFN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fleming%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFleming%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Schrankel%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20Vyas%2C%20H.%2C%20Rosenblatt%2C%20H.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282021%29.%20CRISPR%5C%2FCas9%20mutagenesis%20reveals%20a%20role%20for%20ABCB1%20in%20gut%20immune%20responses%20to%20Vibrio%20diazotrophicus%20in%20sea%20urchin%20larvae.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Experimental%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E224%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fjeb.232272%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fjeb.232272%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22CRISPR%5C%2FCas9%20mutagenesis%20reveals%20a%20role%20for%20ABCB1%20in%20gut%20immune%20responses%20to%20Vibrio%20diazotrophicus%20in%20sea%20urchin%20larvae%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fleming%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schrankel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vyas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenblatt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20ABC%20transporter%20ABCB1%20plays%20an%20important%20role%20in%20the%20disposition%20of%20xenobiotics.%20Embryos%20of%20most%20species%20express%20high%20levels%20of%20this%20transporter%20in%20early%20development%20as%20a%20protective%20mechanism%2C%20but%20its%20native%20substrates%20are%20not%20known.%20Here%2C%20we%20used%20larvae%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Strongylocentmtus%20purpuratus%20to%20characterize%20the%20early%20life%20expression%20and%20role%20of%20Sp-ABCB1a%2C%20a%20homolog%20of%20ABCB1.%20The%20results%20indicate%20that%20while%20Sp-ABCB1a%20is%20initially%20expressed%20ubiquitously%2C%20it%20becomes%20enriched%20in%20the%20developing%20gut.%20Using%20optimized%20CRISPR%5C%2FCas9%20gene%20editing%20methods%20to%20achieve%20high%20editing%20efficiency%20in%20the%20F-0%20generation%2C%20we%20generated%20ABCB1a%20crispant%20embryos%20with%20significantly%20reduced%20transporter%20efflux%20activity.%20When%20infected%20with%20the%20opportunistic%20pathogen%20Vibrio%20diazotrophicus%2C%20Sp-ABCB1a%20crispant%20larvae%20demonstrated%20significantly%20stronger%20gut%20inflammation%2C%20immunocyte%20migration%20and%20cytokine%20Sp-IL-17%20induction%2C%20as%20compared%20with%20infected%20control%20larvae.%20The%20results%20suggest%20an%20ancestral%20function%20of%20ABCB1%20in%20host-microbial%20interactions%2C%20with%20implications%20for%20the%20survival%20of%20invertebrate%20larvae%20in%20the%20marine%20microbial%20environment.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fjeb.232272%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-0949%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223XLAMIUJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nicklisch%20and%20Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENicklisch%2C%20S.%20C.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282020%29.%20Disruption%20of%20small%20molecule%20transporter%20systems%20by%20Transporter-Interfering%20Chemicals%20%28TICs%29.%20%3Ci%3EFebs%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E594%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2823%29%2C%204158%26%23x2013%3B4185.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F1873-3468.14005%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F1873-3468.14005%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Disruption%20of%20small%20molecule%20transporter%20systems%20by%20Transporter-Interfering%20Chemicals%20%28TICs%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nicklisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Small%20molecule%20transporters%20%28SMTs%29%20in%20the%20ABC%20and%20SLC%20families%20are%20important%20players%20in%20disposition%20of%20diverse%20endo-%20and%20xenobiotics.%20Interactions%20of%20environmental%20chemicals%20with%20these%20transporters%20were%20first%20postulated%20in%20the%201990s%2C%20and%20since%20validated%20in%20numerous%20in%20vitro%20and%20in%20vivo%20scenarios.%20Recent%20results%20on%20the%20co-crystal%20structure%20of%20ABCB1%20with%20the%20flame-retardant%20BDE-100%20demonstrate%20that%20a%20diverse%20range%20of%20man-made%20and%20natural%20toxic%20molecules%2C%20hereafter%20termed%20transporter-interfering%20chemicals%20%28TICs%29%2C%20can%20directly%20bind%20to%20SMTs%20and%20interfere%20with%20their%20function.%20TIC-binding%20modes%20mimic%20those%20of%20substrates%2C%20inhibitors%2C%20modulators%2C%20inducers%2C%20and%20possibly%20stimulants%20through%20direct%20and%20allosteric%20mechanisms.%20Similarly%2C%20the%20effects%20could%20directly%20or%20indirectly%20agonize%2C%20antagonize%20or%20perhaps%20even%20prime%20the%20SMT%20system%20to%20alter%20transport%20function.%20Importantly%2C%20TICs%20are%20distinguished%20from%20drugs%20and%20pharmaceuticals%20that%20interact%20with%20transporters%20in%20that%20exposure%20is%20unintended%20and%20inherently%20variant.%20Here%2C%20we%20review%20the%20molecular%20mechanisms%20of%20environmental%20chemical%20interaction%20with%20SMTs%2C%20the%20methodological%20considerations%20for%20their%20evaluation%2C%20and%20the%20future%20directions%20for%20TIC%20discovery.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F1873-3468.14005%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220014-5793%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZHTCANHN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nesbit%20and%20Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENesbit%2C%20K.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282020%29.%20Embryo%2C%20larval%2C%20and%20juvenile%20staging%20of%20Lytechinus%20pictus%20from%20fertilization%20through%20sexual%20maturation.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Dynamics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.223%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.223%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Embryo%2C%20larval%2C%20and%20juvenile%20staging%20of%20Lytechinus%20pictus%20from%20fertilization%20through%20sexual%20maturation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nesbit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%20Sea%20urchin%20embryos%20have%20been%20used%20for%20more%20than%20a%20century%20in%20the%20study%20of%20fertilization%20and%20early%20development.%20However%2C%20several%20of%20the%20species%20used%2C%20such%20asStrongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%2C%20have%20long%20generation%20times%20making%20them%20suboptimal%20for%20transgenerational%20studies.%20Results%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20an%20overview%20of%20the%20development%20of%20a%20rapidly%20developing%20echinoderm%20species%2CLytechinus%20pictus%2C%20from%20fertilization%20through%20sexual%20maturation.%20When%20grown%20at%20room%20temperature%20%2820%20degrees%20C%29%20embryos%20complete%20the%20first%20cell%20cycle%20in%2090%20minutes%2C%20followed%20by%20subsequent%20cleavages%20every%2045%20minutes%2C%20leading%20to%20hatching%20at%209%20hours%20postfertilization%20%28hpf%29.%20The%20swimming%20embryos%20gastrulate%20from%2012%20to%2036%20hpf%20and%20produce%20the%20cells%20which%20subsequently%20give%20rise%20to%20the%20larval%20skeleton%20and%20immunocytes.%20Larvae%20begin%20to%20feed%20at%202%20days%20and%20metamorphose%20by%203%20weeks.%20Juveniles%20reach%20sexual%20maturity%20at%204%20to%206%20months%20of%20age%2C%20depending%20on%20individual%20growth%20rate.%20Conclusions%20This%20staging%20scheme%20lays%20a%20foundation%20for%20future%20studies%20inL.%20pictus%2C%20which%20share%20many%20of%20the%20attractive%20features%20of%20other%20urchins%20but%20have%20the%20key%20advantage%20of%20rapid%20development%20to%20sexual%20maturation.%20This%20is%20significant%20for%20multigenerational%20and%20genetic%20studies%20newly%20enabled%20by%20CRISPR-CAS%20mediated%20gene%20editing.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.223%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221058-8388%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CDDN856Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Li%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELi%2C%20A.%20F.%2C%20Espinoza%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282020%29.%20Inhibitory%20effects%20of%20neurotoxin%20beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine%20on%20fertilization%20and%20early%20development%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus.%20%3Ci%3EAquatic%20Toxicology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E221%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.aquatox.2020.105425%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.aquatox.2020.105425%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Inhibitory%20effects%20of%20neurotoxin%20beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine%20on%20fertilization%20and%20early%20development%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Lytechinus%20pictus%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Espinoza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Neurotoxin%20beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine%20%28BMAA%29%20has%20been%20widely%20detected%20in%20diverse%20aquatic%20organisms%20and%20hypothesized%20as%20an%20environmental%20risk%20to%20neurodegenerative%20diseases%20in%20humans.%20However%2C%20the%20knowledge%20of%20its%20toxicity%20to%20marine%20organisms%20requires%20attention.%20In%20the%20present%20study%2C%20embryos%20and%20sperm%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%2C%20Lytechinus%20pictus%2C%20were%20used%20to%20assess%20the%20toxicity%20of%20BMAA.%20Effects%20of%20BMAA%20on%20fertilization%20and%20development%20of%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%20were%20measured%2C%20and%20its%20impacts%20on%20efflux%20transport%20of%20sea%20urchin%20blastula%20were%20also%20assayed.%20Results%20demonstrated%20that%20the%20fertilization%20and%20development%20of%20embryos%20were%20significantly%20inhibited%20by%20high%20concentrations%20of%20BMAA%20above%20300%20mu%20g%20L-1.%20The%20EC50%20values%20indicated%20by%20active%20swimming%20larvae%20and%20total%20larvae%20numbers%20at%2096%20HPF%20%28hours%20post%20fertilization%29%20were%20165%20mu%20g%20L-1%20%281.4%20mu%20mol%20L-1%29%20and%20329%20mu%20g%20L-1%20%282.8%20mu%20mol%20L-1%29%2C%20respectively.%20Additionally%2C%20sperm%20exposed%20to%20BMAA%20for%2010%20min%20significantly%20reduced%20the%20fertilization%20ratio%20of%20sea%20urchin%20eggs.%20However%2C%20the%20ABC%20transport%20activity%20on%20the%20cytomembrane%20of%20sea%20urchin%20blastula%20was%20not%20inhibited%20by%20the%20presence%20of%20BMAA%20at%2050%20mu%20g%20L-1%2C%20even%20up%20to%20500%20mu%20g%20L-1.%20Abnormal%20division%20and%20developmental%20malformations%20occurred%20at%20different%20developmental%20stages%20for%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%20exposed%20to%20BMAA%20at%20500%20mu%20g%20L-1.%20The%20inhibitory%20effects%20of%20BMAA%20on%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%20were%20reported%20at%20the%20first%20time%20in%20this%20study%2C%20for%20which%20the%20toxicological%20mechanisms%20will%20be%20explored%20in%20future%20studies.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.aquatox.2020.105425%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220166-445X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NCCASTZN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gordon%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGordon%2C%20W.%20E.%2C%20Espinoza%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Leerberg%2C%20D.%20M.%2C%20Yelon%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282019%29.%20Xenobiotic%20transporter%20activity%20in%20zebrafish%20embryo%20ionocytes.%20%3Ci%3EAquatic%20Toxicology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E212%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2088%26%23x2013%3B97.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.aquatox.2019.04.013%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.aquatox.2019.04.013%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Xenobiotic%20transporter%20activity%20in%20zebrafish%20embryo%20ionocytes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gordon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Espinoza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leerberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yelon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ionocytes%20are%20specialized%20cells%20in%20the%20epidermis%20of%20embryonic%20zebrafish%20%28Danio%20rerio%29%20that%20play%20important%20roles%20in%20ion%20homeostasis%20and%20have%20functional%20similarities%20to%20mammalian%20renal%20cells.%20Here%2C%20we%20examined%20whether%20these%20cells%20might%20also%20share%20another%20functional%20similarity%20with%20renal%20cells%2C%20which%20is%20the%20presence%20of%20efflux%20transporter%20activities%20useful%20for%20elimination%20of%20toxic%20small%20molecules.%20Xenobiotic%20transporters%20%28XTs%29%2C%20including%20the%20ATP-Binding%20Cassette%20%28ABC%29%20family%2C%20are%20a%20major%20defense%20mechanism%20against%20diffusible%20toxic%20molecules%20in%20aquatic%20embryos%2C%20including%20zebrafish%2C%20but%20their%20activity%20in%20the%20ionocytes%20has%20not%20previously%20been%20studied.%20Using%20fluorescent%20small%20molecule%20substrates%20of%20XT%2C%20we%20observed%20that%20specific%20populations%20of%20ionocytes%20uptake%20and%20efflux%20fluorescent%20small%20molecules%20in%20a%20manner%20consistent%20with%20active%20transport.%20We%20specifically%20identified%20a%20P-gp%5C%2FABCB1%20inhibitor-sensitive%20efflux%20activity%20in%20the%20H%2B-ATPase-rich%20%28HR%29%20ionocytes%2C%20and%20show%20that%20these%20cells%20exhibit%20enriched%20expression%20of%20the%20ABCB%20gene%2C%20abcb5.%20The%20results%20extend%20our%20understanding%20of%20the%20functional%20significance%20of%20zebrafish%20ionocytes%20and%20indicate%20that%20these%20cells%20could%20play%20an%20important%20role%20in%20protection%20of%20the%20fish%20embryo%20from%20harmful%20small%20molecules.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.aquatox.2019.04.013%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220166-445X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AL9E6ZXN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Shipp%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EShipp%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Hill%2C%20R.%20Z.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282019%29.%20A%20teaching%20laboratory%20on%20the%20activation%20of%20xenobiotic%20transporters%20at%20fertilization%20of%20sea%20urchins.%20In%20K.%20R.%20Foltz%20%26amp%3B%20A.%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EEchinoderms%2C%20Pt%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Vol.%20150%2C%20pp.%20429%26%23x2013%3B447%29.%20Academic%20Press%20Ltd-Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fbs.mcb.2018.11.013%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fbs.mcb.2018.11.013%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20teaching%20laboratory%20on%20the%20activation%20of%20xenobiotic%20transporters%20at%20fertilization%20of%20sea%20urchins%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shipp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foltz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Sea%20urchin%20gametes%20have%20been%20historically%20used%20to%20demonstrate%20fertilization%20and%20early%20development%20in%20student%20laboratories.%20Large%20amounts%20of%20egg%20and%20sperm%20are%20easily%20acquired%2C%20and%20the%20conspicuous%20changes%20in%20egg%20surface%20morphology%2C%20indicative%20of%20sperm-egg%20fusion%20and%20egg%20activation%2C%20are%20readily%20observed%20in%20the%20classroom.%20However%2C%20less%20often%20incorporated%20into%20teaching%20labs%20are%20exercises%20that%20demonstrate%20the%20dramatic%20metabolic%20changes%20that%20accompany%20egg%20activation.%20One%20example%20is%20the%20massive%20up-regulation%20of%20various%20essential%20transport%20activities%20in%20the%20embryo%27s%20plasma%20membrane%2C%20including%20xenobiotic%20transporter%20activity.%20Here%20we%20outline%20a%20laboratory%20that%20incorporates%20this%20concept%20into%20a%20teaching%20lab%2C%20capitalizing%20on%20the%20magnitude%20and%20uniformity%20of%20the%20xenobiotic%20transporter%20activation%20event%20in%20certain%20species%20of%20sea%20urchins.%20The%20introduction%20of%20this%20chapter%20provides%20background%20information%20for%20the%20instructor%2C%20and%20the%20remainder%20serves%20as%20a%20laboratory%20manual%20for%20students.%20The%20experiments%20detailed%20within%20the%20manual%20can%20be%20completed%20in%20a%20total%20of%204-8h%20spread%20over%20one%20or%20two%20lab%20periods.%20The%20lab%20manual%20guides%20students%20through%20a%20modified%20version%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Environmental%20Protection%20Agency%20%28EPA%29%20toxicity%20test%2C%20a%20novel%20undergraduate-level%20laboratory%20on%20xenobiotic%20transporters%2C%20and%20analysis%20of%20microscope%20data%20using%20ImageJ.%20We%20have%20found%20this%20lab%20to%20be%20of%20interest%20to%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20biology%20and%20environmental%20science%20undergraduates%2C%20and%20effective%20in%20teaching%20underlying%20concepts%20in%20developmental%20biology%2C%20physiology%20and%20toxicology.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Echinoderms%2C%20Pt%20A%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-12-815954-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fbs.mcb.2018.11.013%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%2C%228DL3QYZR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-11-05T23%3A27%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227MF536XM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nesbit%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENesbit%2C%20K.%20T.%2C%20Fleming%2C%20T.%2C%20Batzel%2C%20G.%2C%20Pouv%2C%20A.%2C%20Rosenblatt%2C%20H.%20D.%2C%20Pace%2C%20D.%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lyons%2C%20D.%20C.%20%282019%29.%20The%20painted%20sea%20urchin%2C%20Lytechinus%20pictus%2C%20as%20a%20genetically-enabled%20developmental%20model.%20In%20K.%20R.%20Foltz%20%26amp%3B%20A.%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EEchinoderms%2C%20Pt%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Vol.%20150%2C%20pp.%20105%26%23x2013%3B123%29.%20Academic%20Press%20Ltd-Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20painted%20sea%20urchin%2C%20Lytechinus%20pictus%2C%20as%20a%20genetically-enabled%20developmental%20model%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nesbit%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fleming%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pouv%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenblatt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pace%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lyons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foltz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Although%20sea%20urchins%20are%20one%20of%20the%20oldest%20and%20most%20widely%20used%20marine%20model%20systems%2C%20few%20species%20have%20been%20routinely%20kept%20in%20culture%20through%20multiple%20generations.%20The%20workhorse%20of%20the%20field%20is%20the%20purple%20urchin%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus.%20However%2C%20one%20disadvantage%20of%20S.%20purpuratus%20is%20its%20long%20generation%20time%2C%20making%20it%20impractical%20as%20a%20model%20for%20generating%20and%20maintaining%20transgenic%20lines.%20In%20an%20effort%20to%20develop%20a%20sea%20urchin%20that%20is%20suitable%20for%20transgenerational%20experiments%20and%20the%20generation%20of%20transgenic%20lines%2C%20we%20have%20focused%20on%20development%20of%20updated%20culturing%20methods%20and%20genomic%20resources%20for%20the%20painted%20sea%20urchin%2C%20Lytechinus%20pictus.%20Compared%20to%20S.%20purpuratus%2C%20L.%20pictus%20have%20relatively%20large%20eggs%2C%20develop%20into%20optically%20clear%20embryos%2C%20and%20the%20smaller%20adults%20can%20become%20gravid%20in%20under%20a%20year.%20Fifty%20years%20ago%2C%20Hinegardner%20developed%20culturing%20methods%20for%20raising%20L.%20pictus%20through%20metamorphosis.%20Here%2C%20we%20provide%20an%20updated%20protocol%20for%20establishing%20and%20maintaining%20L.%20pictus%20in%20the%20laboratory%2C%20and%20describe%20a%20new%20genome%20resource%20for%20this%20urchin.%20In%20our%20hands%2C%20L.%20pictus%20reach%20the%204-armed%20pluteus%20stage%20at%204%20days%3B%20become%20competent%20to%20metamorphosis%20at%2024%20days%3B%20and%20are%20gravid%20by%206%20months.%20Plutei%20and%20juveniles%20are%20fed%20on%20a%20diet%20of%20algae%20and%20diatoms%2C%20and%20adults%20are%20fed%20on%20kelp.%20We%20also%20make%20available%20a%20L.%20pictus%20transcriptome%20generated%20from%20developmental%20stages%20%28eggs%20to%202-day-old%20plutei%29%20to%20support%20the%20annotation%20of%20our%20genome%20sequencing%20project%2C%20and%20to%20enhance%20the%20utility%20of%20this%20species%20for%20molecular%20studies%20and%20transgenesis.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Echinoderms%2C%20Pt%20A%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-12-815954-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JPNP3L4P%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-09T21%3A29%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22B53XWWLV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campanale%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECampanale%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20Wessel%2C%20G.%20M.%2C%20Su%2C%20Y.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Oulhen%2C%20N.%20%282019%29.%20Methods%20to%20label%2C%20isolate%2C%20and%20image%20sea%20urchin%20small%20micromeres%2C%20the%20primordial%20germ%20cells%20%28PGCs%29.%20In%20K.%20R.%20Foltz%20%26amp%3B%20A.%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EEchinoderms%2C%20Pt%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Vol.%20150%2C%20pp.%20269-%2B%29.%20Academic%20Press%20Ltd-Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Methods%20to%20label%2C%20isolate%2C%20and%20image%20sea%20urchin%20small%20micromeres%2C%20the%20primordial%20germ%20cells%20%28PGCs%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campanale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wessel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Su%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oulhen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foltz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Small%20micromeres%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20are%20believed%20to%20be%20primordial%20germ%20cells%20%28PGCs%29%2C%20fated%20to%20give%20rise%20to%20sperm%20or%20eggs%20in%20the%20adult.%20Sea%20urchin%20PGCs%20are%20formed%20at%20the%20fifth%20cleavage%2C%20undergo%20one%20additional%20division%20during%20blastulation%2C%20and%20migrate%20to%20the%20coelomic%20pouches%20of%20the%20pluteus%20larva.%20The%20goal%20of%20this%20chapter%20is%20to%20detail%20classical%20and%20modern%20techniques%20used%20to%20analyze%20primordial%20germ%20cell%20specification%2C%20gene%20expression%20programs%2C%20and%20cell%20behaviors%20in%20fixed%20and%20live%20embryos.%20The%20transparency%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20embryo%20enables%20both%20live%20imaging%20techniques%20and%20in%20situ%20RNA%20hybridization%20and%20immunolabeling%20for%20a%20detailed%20molecular%20characterization%20of%20these%20cells.%20Four%20approaches%20are%20presented%20to%20highlight%20small%20micromeres%20with%20fluorescent%20molecules%20for%20analysis%20by%20live%20and%20fixed%20cell%20microscopy%3A%20%281%29%20small%20molecule%20dye%20accumulation%20during%20cleavage%20and%20blastula%20stages%2C%20%282%29%20primordial%20germ%20cell%20targeted%20RNA%20expression%20using%20the%20Nanos%20untranslated%20regions%2C%20%283%29%20fusing%20genes%20of%20interest%20with%20a%20Nanos2%20targeting%20peptide%2C%20and%20%284%29%20EdU%20and%20BrdU%20labeling.%20Applications%20of%20the%20live%20labeling%20techniques%20are%20discussed%2C%20including%20sorting%20by%20fluorescence-activated%20cell%20sorting%20for%20transcriptomic%20analysis%2C%20and%2C%20methods%20to%20image%20small%20micromere%20behavior%20in%20whole%20and%20dissociated%20embryos%20by%20live%20confocal%20microscopy.%20Finally%2C%20summary%20table%20of%20antibody%20and%20RNA%20probes%20as%20well%20as%20small%20molecule%20dyes%20to%20label%20small%20micromeres%20at%20a%20variety%20of%20developmental%20stages%20is%20provided.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Echinoderms%2C%20Pt%20A%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-12-815954-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22H3R6T47P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schrankel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchrankel%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20Gokirmak%2C%20T.%2C%20Lee%2C%20C.%20W.%2C%20Chang%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282019%29.%20Generation%2C%20expression%20and%20utilization%20of%20single-domain%20antibodies%20for%20in%20vivo%20protein%20localization%20and%20manipulation%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos.%20In%20A.%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%20%26amp%3B%20K.%20R.%20Foltz%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EEchinoderms%2C%20Pt%20B%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Vol.%20151%2C%20pp.%20353%26%23x2013%3B376%29.%20Academic%20Press%20Ltd-Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Generation%2C%20expression%20and%20utilization%20of%20single-domain%20antibodies%20for%20in%20vivo%20protein%20localization%20and%20manipulation%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schrankel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gokirmak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foltz%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Single-domain%20antibodies%2C%20also%20known%20as%20nanobodies%2C%20are%20small%20antigen-binding%20fragments%20%28similar%20to%2015kDa%29%20that%20are%20derived%20from%20heavy%20chain%20only%20antibodies%20present%20in%20camelids%20%28V-HH%2C%20from%20camels%20and%20llamas%29%2C%20and%20cartilaginous%20fishes%20%28V-NAR%2C%20from%20sharks%29.%20Nanobody%20V-like%20domains%20are%20useful%20alternatives%20to%20conventional%20antibodies%20due%20to%20their%20small%20size%2C%20and%20high%20solubility%20and%20stability%20across%20many%20applications.%20In%20addition%2C%20phage%20display%2C%20ribosome%20display%2C%20and%20mRNA%5C%2FcDNA%20display%20methods%20can%20be%20used%20for%20the%20efficient%20generation%20and%20optimization%20of%20binders%20in%20vitro.%20The%20resulting%20nanobodies%20can%20be%20genetically%20encoded%2C%20tagged%2C%20and%20expressed%20in%20cells%20for%20in%20vivo%20localization%20and%20functional%20studies%20of%20target%20proteins.%20Collectively%2C%20these%20properties%20make%20nanobodies%20ideal%20for%20use%20within%20echinoderm%20embryos.%20This%20chapter%20describes%20the%20optimization%20and%20imaging%20of%20genetically%20encoded%20nanobodies%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20embryo.%20Examples%20of%20live-cell%20antigen%20tagging%20%28LCAT%29%20and%20the%20manipulation%20of%20green%20fluorescent%20protein%20%28GFP%29%20are%20shown.%20We%20discuss%20the%20potentially%20transformative%20applications%20of%20nanobody%20technology%20for%20probing%20membrane%20protein%20trafficking%2C%20cytoskeleton%20re-organization%2C%20receptor%20signaling%20events%2C%20and%20gene%20regulation%20during%20echinoderm%20development.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Echinoderms%2C%20Pt%20B%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-12-817072-4%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DPVPC3W2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Foltz%20and%20Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFoltz%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282019%29.%20Echinoderms%2C%20Part%20A.%20In%20K.%20R.%20Foltz%20%26amp%3B%20A.%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EEchinoderms%2C%20Pt%20A%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Vol.%20150%2C%20p.%20XIX%26%23x2013%3BXX%29.%20Academic%20Press%20Ltd-Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Echinoderms%2C%20Part%20A%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foltz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foltz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Echinoderms%2C%20Pt%20A%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-12-815954-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RL6DVGSG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Barron%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBarron%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20Thies%2C%20A.%20B.%2C%20Espinoza%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Barott%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Tresguerres%2C%20M.%20%282018%29.%20A%20vesicular%20Na%2B%5C%2FCa2%2B%20exchanger%20in%20coral%20calcifying%20cells.%20%3Ci%3EPLOS%20ONE%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0205367%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0205367%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20vesicular%20Na%2B%5C%2FCa2%2B%20exchanger%20in%20coral%20calcifying%20cells%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Megan%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Angus%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thies%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jose%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Espinoza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katie%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tresguerres%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20calcium%20carbonate%20skeletons%20of%20corals%20provide%20the%20underlying%20structure%20of%20coral%20reefs%3B%20however%2C%20the%20cellular%20mechanisms%20responsible%20for%20coral%20calcification%20remain%20poorly%20understood.%20In%20osteoblasts%20from%20vertebrate%20animals%2C%20a%20Na%2B%5C%2FCa2%2B%20exchanger%20%28NCX%29%20present%20in%20the%20plasma%20membrane%20transports%20Ca2%2B%20to%20the%20site%20of%20bone%20formation.%20The%20aims%20of%20this%20study%20were%20to%20establish%20whether%20NCX%20exists%20in%20corals%20and%20its%20localization%20within%20coral%20cells%2C%20which%20are%20essential%20first%20steps%20to%20investigate%20its%20potential%20involvement%20in%20calcification.%20Data%20mining%20identified%20genes%20encoding%20for%20NCX%20proteins%20in%20multiple%20coral%20species%2C%20a%20subset%20of%20which%20were%20more%20closely%20related%20to%20NCXs%20from%20vertebrates%20%28NCXA%29.%20We%20cloned%20NCXA%20from%20Acropora%20yongei%20%28AyNCXA%29%2C%20which%2C%20unexpectedly%2C%20contained%20a%20peptide%20signal%20that%20targets%20proteins%20to%20vesicles%20from%20the%20secretory%20pathway.%20AyNCXA%20subcellular%20localization%20was%20confirmed%20by%20heterologous%20expression%20of%20fluorescently%20tagged%20AyNCXA%20protein%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%2C%20which%20localized%20together%20with%20known%20markers%20of%20intracellular%20vesicles.%20Finally%2C%20immunolabeling%20of%20coral%20tissues%20with%20specific%20antibodies%20revealed%20AyNCXA%20was%20present%20throughout%20coral%20tissue.%20AyNCXA%20was%20especially%20abundant%20in%20calcifying%20cells%2C%20where%20it%20exhibited%20a%20subcellular%20localization%20pattern%20consistent%20with%20intracellular%20vesicles.%20Altogether%2C%20our%20results%20demonstrate%20AyNCXA%20is%20present%20in%20vesicles%20in%20coral%20calcifying%20cells%2C%20where%20potential%20functions%20include%20intracellular%20Ca2%2B%20homeostasis%20and%20Ca2%2B%20transport%20to%20the%20growing%20skeleton%20as%20part%20of%20an%20intracellular%20calcification%20mechanism.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.pone.0205367%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2267KE7FSD%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-22T23%3A37%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IWCCW9NU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mascuch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A8%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMascuch%2C%20S.%20J.%2C%20Boudreau%2C%20P.%20D.%2C%20Carland%2C%20T.%20M.%2C%20Pierce%2C%20N.%20T.%2C%20Olson%2C%20J.%2C%20Hensler%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20Choi%2C%20H.%2C%20Campanale%2C%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20Nizet%2C%20V.%2C%20Gerwick%2C%20W.%20H.%2C%20Gaasterland%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Gerwick%2C%20L.%20%282018%29.%20Marine%20natural%20product%20honaucin%20A%20attenuates%20inflammation%20by%20activating%20the%20Nrf2-ARE%20pathway.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Natural%20Products%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E81%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20506%26%23x2013%3B514.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.jnatprod.7b00734%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facs.jnatprod.7b00734%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Marine%20natural%20product%20honaucin%20A%20attenuates%20inflammation%20by%20activating%20the%20Nrf2-ARE%20pathway%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mascuch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boudreau%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pierce%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hensler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Choi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campanale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nizet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gerwick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gaasterland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gerwick%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20cyanobacterial%20marine%20natural%20product%20honaucin%20A%20inhibits%20mammalian%20innate%20inflammation%20in%20vitro%20and%20in%20vivo.%20To%20decipher%20its%20mechanism%20of%20action%2C%20RNA%20sequencing%20was%20used%20to%20evaluate%20differences%20in%20gene%20expression%20of%20cultured%20macrophages%20following%20honaucin%20A%20treatment.%20This%20analysis%20led%20to%20the%20hypothesis%20that%20honaucin%20A%20exerts%20its%20anti-inflammatory%20activity%20through%20activation%20of%20the%20cytoprotective%20nuclear%20erythroid%202-related%20factor%202%20%28Nrf2%29-antioxidant%20response%20element%5C%2Felectrophile%20response%20element%20%28ARE%5C%2FEpRE%29%20signaling%20pathway.%20Activation%20of%20this%20pathway%20by%20honaucin%20A%20in%20cultured%20human%20MCF7%20cells%20was%20confirmed%20using%20an%20Nrf2%20luciferase%20reporter%20assay.%20In%20vitro%20alkylation%20experiments%20with%20the%20natural%20product%20and%20N-acetyl-L-cysteine%20suggest%20that%20honaucin%20A%20activates%20this%20pathway%20through%20covalent%20interaction%20with%20the%20sulfhydryl%20residues%20of%20the%20cytosolic%20repressor%20protein%20Keapl.%20Honaucin%20A%20presents%20a%20potential%20therapeutic%20lead%20for%20diseases%20with%20an%20inflammatory%20component%20modulated%20by%20Nrf2-ARE.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Facs.jnatprod.7b00734%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220163-3864%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229BHAPH7Z%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%2C%22X8P588WG%22%2C%22TXJJSL64%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-11-21T21%3A38%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T2QJFXS8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nicklisch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENicklisch%2C%20S.%20C.%20T.%2C%20Bonito%2C%20L.%20T.%2C%20Sandin%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282017%29.%20Mercury%20levels%20of%20yellowfin%20tuna%20%28Thunnus%20albacares%29%20are%20associated%20with%20capture%20location.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Pollution%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E229%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2087%26%23x2013%3B93.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.envpol.2017.05.070%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.envpol.2017.05.070%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Mercury%20levels%20of%20yellowfin%20tuna%20%28Thunnus%20albacares%29%20are%20associated%20with%20capture%20location%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nicklisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sandin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Mercury%20is%20a%20toxic%20compound%20to%20which%20humans%20are%20exposed%20by%20consumption%20of%20fish.%20Current%20fish%20consumption%20advisories%20focus%20on%20minimizing%20the%20risk%20posed%20by%20the%20species%20that%20are%20most%20likely%20to%20have%20high%20levels%20of%20mercury.%20Less%20accounted%20for%20is%20the%20variation%20within%20species%2C%20and%20the%20potential%20role%20of%20the%20geographic%20origin%20of%20a%20fish%20in%20determining%20its%20mercury%20level.%20Here%20we%20surveyed%20the%20mercury%20levels%20in%20117%20yellowfin%20tuna%20caught%20from%2012%20different%20locations%20worldwide.%20Our%20results%20indicated%20significant%20variation%20in%20yellowfin%20tuna%20methylmercury%20load%2C%20with%20levels%20that%20ranged%20from%200.03%20to%200.82%20mu%20g%5C%2Fg%20wet%20weight%20across%20individual%20fish.%20Mean%20mercury%20levels%20were%20only%20weakly%20associated%20with%20fish%20size%20%28R-2%20%3C%200.1461%29%20or%20lipid%20content%20%28R-2%20%3C%200.00007%29%20but%20varied%20significantly%2C%20by%20a%20factor%20of%208%2C%20between%20sites.%20The%20results%20indicate%20that%20the%20geographic%20origin%20of%20fish%20can%20govern%20mercury%20load%2C%20and%20argue%20for%20better%20traceability%20of%20fish%20to%20improve%20the%20accuracy%20of%20exposure%20risk%20predictions.%20%28C%292017%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.envpol.2017.05.070%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220269-7491%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JHV83829%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-02-13T22%3A19%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229LYYKA74%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nicklisch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENicklisch%2C%20S.%20C.%20T.%2C%20Bonito%2C%20L.%20T.%2C%20Sandin%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282017%29.%20Geographic%20differences%20in%20persistent%20organic%20pollutant%20levels%20of%20yellowfin%20tuna.%20%3Ci%3EEnviron%20Health%20Perspect%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E125%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20067014.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1289%5C%2Fehp518%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1289%5C%2Fehp518%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Geographic%20differences%20in%20persistent%20organic%20pollutant%20levels%20of%20yellowfin%20tuna%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nicklisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sandin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Fish%20are%20a%20source%20of%20persistent%20organic%20pollutants%20%28POPs%29%20in%20the%20human%20diet.%20Although%20species%2C%20trophic%20level%2C%20and%20means%20of%20production%20are%20typically%20considered%20in%20predicting%20fish%20pollutant%20load%2C%20and%20thus%20recommendations%20of%20consumption%2C%20capture%20location%20is%20usually%20not%20accounted%20for.%20OBJECTIVES%3A%20Yellowfin%20tuna%20%28Thunnus%20albacares%29%20are%20harvested%20from%20across%20the%20world%27s%20oceans%20and%20are%20widely%20consumed.%20Here%2C%20we%20determined%20geographic%20variation%20in%20the%20overall%20mass%2C%20concentration%2C%20and%20composition%20of%20POPs%20in%20yellowfin%20and%20examined%20the%20differences%20in%20levels%20of%20several%20POP%20congeners%20of%20potential%20relevance%20to%20human%20health.%20METHODS%3A%20We%20sampled%20dorsal%20muscle%20of%20117%20yellowfin%20tuna%20from%2012%20locations%20worldwide%2C%20and%20measured%20POP%20levels%20using%20combined%20liquid%20or%20gas%20chromatography%20and%20mass%20spectrometry%20according%20to%20U.S.%20Environmental%20Protection%20Agency%20standard%20procedures.%20RESULTS%3A%20POP%20levels%20varied%20significantly%20among%20sites%2C%20more%20than%2036-fold%20on%20a%20mass%20basis.%20Individual%20fish%20levels%20ranged%20from%200.16%20to%20wet%20weight%20and%20lipid-normalized%20concentrations%20from%20.%20Levels%20of%2010%20congeners%20that%20interfere%20with%20the%20cellular%20defense%20protein%20P-glycoprotein%2C%20termed%20transporter%20interfering%20compounds%20%28TICs%29%2C%20ranged%20from%200.05%20to%20wet%20weight%20and%20from%20in%20tuna%20lipid.%20Levels%20of%20TICs%2C%20and%20their%20individual%20congeners%2C%20were%20strongly%20associated%20with%20the%20overall%20POP%20load.%20Risk-based%20analysis%20of%20several%20carcinogenic%20POPs%20indicated%20that%20the%20fish%20with%20the%20highest%20levels%20of%20these%20potentially%20harmful%20compounds%20were%20clustered%20at%20specific%20geographic%20locations.%20CONCLUSIONS%3A%20Capture%20location%20is%20an%20important%20consideration%20when%20assessing%20the%20level%20and%20risk%20of%20human%20exposure%20to%20POPs%20through%20ingestion%20of%20wild%20fish.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1289%5C%2Fehp518%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221552-9924%20%28Electronic%29%200091-6765%20%28Linking%29%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JHV83829%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-10T22%3A46%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YQG68GE2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gokirmak%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGokirmak%2C%20T.%2C%20Campanale%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Reitzel%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Shipp%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Moy%2C%20G.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282016%29.%20Functional%20diversification%20of%20sea%20urchin%20ABCC1%20%28MRP1%29%20by%20alternative%20splicing.%20%3Ci%3EAmerican%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Cell%20Physiology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E310%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%20C911%26%23x2013%3BC920.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1152%5C%2Fajpcell.00029.2016%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1152%5C%2Fajpcell.00029.2016%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Functional%20diversification%20of%20sea%20urchin%20ABCC1%20%28MRP1%29%20by%20alternative%20splicing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gokirmak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campanale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reitzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shipp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20multidrug%20resistance%20protein%20%28MRP%29%20family%20encodes%20a%20diverse%20repertoire%20of%20ATP-binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20transporters%20with%20multiple%20roles%20in%20development%2C%20disease%2C%20and%20homeostasis.%20Understanding%20MRP%20evolution%20is%20central%20to%20unraveling%20their%20roles%20in%20these%20diverse%20processes.%20Sea%20urchins%20occupy%20an%20important%20phylogenetic%20position%20for%20understanding%20the%20evolution%20of%20vertebrate%20proteins%20and%20have%20been%20an%20important%20invertebrate%20model%20system%20for%20study%20of%20ABC%20transporters.%20We%20used%20phylogenetic%20analyses%20to%20examine%20the%20evolution%20of%20MRP%20transporters%20and%20functional%20approaches%20to%20identify%20functional%20forms%20of%20sea%20urchin%20MRP1%20%28also%20known%20as%20SpABCC1%29.%20SpABCC1%2C%20the%20only%20MRP%20homolog%20in%20sea%20urchins%2C%20is%20co-orthologous%20to%20human%20MRP1%2C%20MRP3%2C%20and%20MRP6%20%28ABCC1%2C%20ABCC3%2C%20and%20ABCC6%29%20transporters.%20However%2C%20efflux%20assays%20revealed%20that%20alternative%20splicing%20of%20exon%2022%2C%20a%20region%20critical%20for%20substrate%20interactions%2C%20could%20diversify%20functions%20of%20sea%20urchin%20MRP1.%20Phylogenetic%20comparisons%20also%20indicate%20that%20while%20MRP1%2C%20MRP3%2C%20and%20MRP6%20transporters%20potentially%20arose%20from%20a%20single%20transporter%20in%20basal%20deuterostomes%2C%20alternative%20splicing%20appears%20to%20have%20been%20the%20major%20mode%20of%20functional%20diversification%20in%20invertebrates%2C%20while%20duplication%20may%20have%20served%20a%20more%20important%20role%20in%20vertebrates.%20These%20results%20provide%20a%20deeper%20understanding%20of%20the%20evolutionary%20origins%20of%20MRP%20transporters%20and%20the%20potential%20mechanisms%20used%20to%20diversify%20their%20functions%20in%20different%20groups%20of%20animals.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1152%5C%2Fajpcell.00029.2016%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220363-6143%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%2C%228DL3QYZR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224IEZUDVA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nicklisch%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENicklisch%2C%20S.%20C.%20T.%2C%20Rees%2C%20S.%20D.%2C%20McGrath%2C%20A.%20P.%2C%20G%26%23xF6%3Bkirmak%2C%20T.%2C%20Bonito%2C%20L.%20T.%2C%20Vermeer%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Cregger%2C%20C.%2C%20Loewen%2C%20G.%2C%20Sandin%2C%20S.%2C%20Chang%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282016%29.%20Global%20marine%20pollutants%20inhibit%20P-glycoprotein%3A%20Environmental%20levels%2C%20inhibitory%20effects%2C%20and%20cocrystal%20structure.%20%3Ci%3EScience%20Advances%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E2%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.1600001%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.1600001%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Global%20marine%20pollutants%20inhibit%20P-glycoprotein%3A%20Environmental%20levels%2C%20inhibitory%20effects%2C%20and%20cocrystal%20structure%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sascha%20C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nicklisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rees%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aaron%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGrath%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tufan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00f6kirmak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lindsay%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lydia%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vermeer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cregger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Greg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loewen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stuart%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sandin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20world%5Cu2019s%20oceans%20are%20a%20global%20reservoir%20of%20persistent%20organic%20pollutants%20to%20which%20humans%20and%20other%20animals%20are%20exposed.%20Although%20it%20is%20well%20known%20that%20these%20pollutants%20are%20potentially%20hazardous%20to%20human%20and%20environmental%20health%2C%20their%20impacts%20remain%20incompletely%20understood.%20We%20examined%20how%20persistent%20organic%20pollutants%20interact%20with%20the%20drug%20efflux%20transporter%20P-glycoprotein%20%28P-gp%29%2C%20an%20evolutionarily%20conserved%20defense%20protein%20that%20is%20essential%20for%20protection%20against%20environmental%20toxicants.%20We%20identified%20specific%20congeners%20of%20organochlorine%20pesticides%2C%20polychlorinated%20biphenyls%2C%20and%20polybrominated%20diphenyl%20ethers%20that%20inhibit%20mouse%20and%20human%20P-gp%2C%20and%20determined%20their%20environmental%20levels%20in%20yellowfin%20tuna%20from%20the%20Gulf%20of%20Mexico.%20In%20addition%2C%20we%20solved%20the%20cocrystal%20structure%20of%20P-gp%20bound%20to%20one%20of%20these%20inhibitory%20pollutants%2C%20PBDE%20%28polybrominated%20diphenyl%20ether%29%5Cu2013100%2C%20providing%20the%20first%20view%20of%20pollutant%20binding%20to%20a%20drug%20transporter.%20The%20results%20demonstrate%20the%20potential%20for%20specific%20binding%20and%20inhibition%20of%20mammalian%20P-gp%20by%20ubiquitous%20congeners%20of%20persistent%20organic%20pollutants%20present%20in%20fish%20and%20other%20foods%2C%20and%20argue%20for%20further%20consideration%20of%20transporter%20inhibition%20in%20the%20assessment%20of%20the%20risk%20of%20exposure%20to%20these%20chemicals.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.1600001%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JHV83829%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-23T16%3A15%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226HU2CNG4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bonito%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBonito%2C%20L.%20T.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sandin%2C%20S.%20A.%20%282016%29.%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20global%20impacts%20of%20mitigation%20on%20persistent%2C%20bioaccumulative%20and%20toxic%20pollutants%20in%20marine%20fish.%20%3Ci%3EPeerJ%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E4%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7717%5C%2Fpeerj.1573%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7717%5C%2Fpeerj.1573%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Evaluation%20of%20the%20global%20impacts%20of%20mitigation%20on%20persistent%2C%20bioaccumulative%20and%20toxic%20pollutants%20in%20marine%20fish%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sandin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Although%20persistent%2C%20bioaccumulative%20and%20toxic%20pollutants%20%28PBTs%29%20are%20well-studied%20individually%20their%20distribution%20and%20variability%20on%20a%20global%20scale%20are%20largely%20unknown%20particularly%20in%20marine%20fish.%20Using%202%2C662%20measurements%20collected%20from%20peer-reviewed%20literature%20spanning%201969-2012%2C%20we%20examined%20variability%20of%20five%20classes%20of%20PBTs%2C%20considering%20effects%20of%20geography%2C%20habitat%2C%20and%20trophic%20level%20on%20observed%20concentrations.%20While%20we%20see%20large-scale%20spatial%20patterning%20in%20some%20PBTs%20%28chlordanes%2C%20polychlorinated%20biphenyls%29%2C%20habitat%20type%20and%20trophic%20level%20did%20not%20contribute%20to%20significant%20patterning%2C%20with%20the%20exception%20of%20mercury.%20We%20further%20examined%20patterns%20of%20change%20in%20PBT%20concentration%20as%20a%20function%20of%20sampling%20year.%20All%20PBTs%20showed%20significant%20declines%20in%20concentration%20levels%20through%20time%2C%20ranging%20from%2015-30%25%20reduction%20per%20decade%20across%20PBT%20groups.%20Despite%20consistent%20evidence%20of%20reductions%2C%20variation%20in%20pollutant%20concentration%20remains%20high%2C%20indicating%20ongoing%20consumer%20risk%20of%20exposure%20to%20fish%20with%20pollutant%20levels%20exceeding%20EPA%20screening%20values.%20The%20temporal%20trends%20indicate%20that%20mitigation%20programs%20are%20leffective%2C%20but%20that%20global%20levels%20decline%20slowly.%20In%20order%20for%20monitoring%20efforts%20to%20provide%20more%20targeted%20assessments%20of%20risk%20to%20PBT%20exposure%2C%20these%20data%20highlight%20an%20urgent%20need%20for%20improved%20replication%20and%20standardization%20of%20pollutant%20monitoring%20protocols%20for%20marine%20finfish.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7717%5C%2Fpeerj.1573%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222167-8359%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22JHV83829%22%2C%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-23T16%3A18%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TMX2MBN3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Shipp%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EShipp%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Hill%2C%20R.%20Z.%2C%20Moy%2C%20G.%20W.%2C%20Gokirmak%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282015%29.%20ABCC5%20is%20required%20for%20cAMP-mediated%20hindgut%20invagination%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopment%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E142%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2820%29%2C%203537%26%23x2013%3B3548.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.126144%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.126144%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22ABCC5%20is%20required%20for%20cAMP-mediated%20hindgut%20invagination%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shipp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gokirmak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ATP-binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20transporters%20are%20evolutionarily%20conserved%20proteins%20that%20pump%20diverse%20substrates%20across%20membranes.%20Many%20are%20known%20to%20efflux%20signaling%20molecules%20and%20are%20extensively%20expressed%20during%20development.%20However%2C%20the%20role%20of%20transporters%20in%20moving%20extracellular%20signals%20that%20regulate%20embryogenesis%20is%20largely%20unexplored.%20Here%2C%20we%20show%20that%20a%20mesodermal%20ABCC%20%28MRP%29%20transporter%20is%20necessary%20for%20endodermal%20gut%20morphogenesis%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos.%20This%20transporter%2C%20Sp-ABCC5a%20%28C5a%29%2C%20is%20expressed%20in%20pigment%20cells%20and%20their%20precursors%2C%20which%20are%20a%20subset%20of%20the%20non-skeletogenic%20mesoderm%20%28NSM%29%20cells.%20C5a%20expression%20depends%20on%20Delta%5C%2FNotch%20signaling%20from%20skeletogenic%20mesoderm%20and%20is%20downstream%20of%20Gcm%20in%20the%20aboral%20NSM%20gene%20regulatory%20network.%20Long-term%20imaging%20of%20development%20reveals%20that%20C5a%20knockdown%20embryos%20gastrulate%2C%20but%20similar%20to%2090%25%20develop%20a%20prolapse%20of%20the%20hindgut%20by%20the%20late%20prism%20stage%20%28similar%20to%208%20h%20after%20C5a%20protein%20expression%20normally%20peaks%29.%20Since%20C5a%20orthologs%20efflux%20cyclic%20nucleotides%2C%20and%20cAMP-dependent%20protein%20kinase%20%28Sp-CAPK%5C%2FPKA%29%20is%20expressed%20in%20pigment%20cells%2C%20we%20examined%20whether%20C5a%20could%20be%20involved%20in%20gastrulation%20through%20cAMP%20transport.%20Consistent%20with%20this%20hypothesis%2C%20membrane-permeable%20pCPT-cAMP%20rescues%20the%20prolapse%20phenotype%20in%20C5a%20knockdown%20embryos%2C%20and%20causes%20archenteron%20hyper-invagination%20in%20control%20embryos.%20In%20addition%2C%20the%20cAMP-producing%20enzyme%20soluble%20adenylyl%20cyclase%20%28sAC%29%20is%20expressed%20in%20pigment%20cells%2C%20and%20its%20inhibition%20impairs%20gastrulation.%20Together%2C%20our%20data%20support%20a%20model%20in%20which%20C5a%20transports%20sAC-derived%20cAMP%20from%20pigment%20cells%20to%20control%20late%20invagination%20of%20the%20hindgut.%20Little%20is%20known%20about%20the%20ancestral%20functions%20of%20ABCC5%5C%2FMRP5%20transporters%2C%20and%20this%20study%20reveals%20a%20novel%20role%20for%20these%20proteins%20in%20mesoderm-endoderm%20signaling%20during%20embryogenesis.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fdev.126144%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220950-1991%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%2C%228DL3QYZR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CHIZP2PK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gokirmak%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGokirmak%2C%20T.%2C%20Shipp%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Campanale%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Nicklisch%2C%20S.%20C.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282014%29.%20Transport%20in%20technicolor%3A%20Mapping%20ATP-binding%20cassette%20transporters%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos.%20%3Ci%3EMolecular%20Reproduction%20and%20Development%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E81%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%20778%26%23x2013%3B793.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fmrd.22357%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fmrd.22357%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Transport%20in%20technicolor%3A%20Mapping%20ATP-binding%20cassette%20transporters%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gokirmak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shipp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campanale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nicklisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22One%20quarter%20of%20eukaryotic%20genes%20encode%20membrane%20proteins.%20These%20include%20nearly%201%2C000%20transporters%20that%20translocate%20nutrients%2C%20signaling%20molecules%2C%20and%20xenobiotics%20across%20membranes.%20While%20it%20is%20well%20appreciated%20that%20membrane%20transport%20is%20critical%20for%20development%2C%20the%20specific%20roles%20of%20many%20transporters%20have%20remained%20cryptic%2C%20in%20part%20because%20of%20their%20abundance%20and%20the%20diversity%20of%20their%20substrates.%20Multidrug%20resistance%20ATP-binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20efflux%20transporters%20are%20one%20example%20of%20cryptic%20membrane%20proteins.%20Although%20most%20organisms%20utilize%20these%20ABC%20transporters%20during%20embryonic%20development%2C%20many%20of%20these%20transporters%20have%20broad%20substrate%20specificity%2C%20and%20their%20developmental%20functions%20remain%20incompletely%20understood.%20Here%2C%20we%20review%20advances%20in%20our%20understanding%20of%20ABC%20transporters%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%2C%20and%20methods%20developed%20to%20spatially%20and%20temporally%20map%20these%20proteins.%20These%20studies%20reveal%20that%20multifunctional%20transporters%20are%20required%20for%20signaling%2C%20homeostasis%2C%20and%20protection%20of%20the%20embryo%2C%20and%20shed%20light%20on%20how%20they%20are%20integrated%20into%20ancestral%20developmental%20pathways%20recapitulated%20in%20disease.%20Mol.%20Reprod.%20Dev.%2081%3A%20778-793%2C%202014.%20%28c%29%202014%20Wiley%20Periodicals%2C%20Inc.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fmrd.22357%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221040-452X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%2C%228DL3QYZR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EW6VSRG7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Swartz%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESwartz%2C%20S.%20Z.%2C%20Reich%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Oulhen%2C%20N.%2C%20Raz%2C%20T.%2C%20Milos%2C%20P.%20M.%2C%20Campanale%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wessel%2C%20G.%20M.%20%282014%29.%20Deadenylase%20depletion%20protects%20inherited%20mRNAs%20in%20primordial%20germ%20cells.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopment%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E141%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2816%29%2C%203134%26%23x2013%3B3142.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.110395%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.110395%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Deadenylase%20depletion%20protects%20inherited%20mRNAs%20in%20primordial%20germ%20cells%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swartz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oulhen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Raz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Milos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campanale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wessel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20crucial%20event%20in%20animal%20development%20is%20the%20specification%20of%20primordial%20germ%20cells%20%28PGCs%29%2C%20which%20become%20the%20stem%20cells%20that%20create%20sperm%20and%20eggs.%20How%20PGCs%20are%20created%20provides%20a%20valuable%20paradigm%20for%20understanding%20stem%20cells%20in%20general.%20We%20find%20that%20the%20PGCs%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%20exhibit%20broad%20transcriptional%20repression%2C%20yet%20enrichment%20for%20a%20set%20of%20inherited%20mRNAs.%20Enrichment%20of%20several%20germline%20determinants%20in%20the%20PGCs%20requires%20the%20RNA-binding%20protein%20Nanos%20to%20target%20the%20transcript%20that%20encodes%20CNOT6%2C%20a%20deadenylase%2C%20for%20degradation%20in%20the%20PGCs%2C%20thereby%20creating%20a%20stable%20environment%20for%20RNA.%20Misexpression%20of%20CNOT6%20in%20the%20PGCs%20results%20in%20their%20failure%20to%20retain%20Seawi%20transcripts%20and%20Vasa%20protein.%20Conversely%2C%20broad%20knockdown%20of%20CNOT6%20expands%20the%20domain%20of%20Seawi%20RNA%20as%20well%20as%20exogenous%20reporters.%20Thus%2C%20Nanos-dependent%20spatially%20restricted%20CNOT6%20differential%20expression%20is%20used%20to%20selectively%20localize%20germline%20RNAs%20to%20the%20PGCs.%20Our%20findings%20support%20a%20%27time%20capsule%27%20model%20of%20germline%20determination%2C%20whereby%20the%20PGCs%20are%20insulated%20from%20differentiation%20by%20retaining%20the%20molecular%20characteristics%20of%20the%20totipotent%20egg%20and%20early%20embryo.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fdev.110395%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220950-1991%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GVAXEFIX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campanale%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECampanale%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Gokirmak%2C%20T.%2C%20Espinoza%2C%20J.%20A.%2C%20Oulhen%2C%20N.%2C%20Wessel%2C%20G.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282014%29.%20Migration%20of%20sea%20urchin%20primordial%20germ%20cells.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Dynamics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E243%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%20917%26%23x2013%3B927.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.24133%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.24133%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Migration%20of%20sea%20urchin%20primordial%20germ%20cells%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campanale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gokirmak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Espinoza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oulhen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wessel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%3A%20Small%20micromeres%20are%20produced%20at%20the%20fifth%20cleavage%20of%20sea%20urchin%20development.%20They%20express%20markers%20of%20primordial%20germ%20cells%20%28PGCs%29%2C%20and%20are%20required%20for%20the%20production%20of%20gametes.%20In%20most%20animals%2C%20PGCs%20migrate%20from%20sites%20of%20formation%20to%20the%20somatic%20gonad.%20Here%2C%20we%20investigated%20whether%20they%20also%20exhibit%20similar%20migratory%20behaviors%20using%20live-cell%20imaging%20of%20small%20micromere%20plasma%20membranes.%20Results%3A%20Early%20in%20gastrulation%2C%20small%20micromeres%20transition%20from%20non-motile%20epithelial%20cells%2C%20to%20motile%20quasi-mesenchymal%20cells.%20Late%20in%20gastrulation%2C%20at%2043%20hr%20post%20fertilization%20%28HPF%29%2C%20they%20are%20embedded%20in%20the%20tip%20of%20the%20archenteron%2C%20but%20remain%20motile.%20From%2043-49%20HPF%2C%20they%20project%20numerous%20cortical%20blebs%20into%20the%20blastocoel%2C%20and%20filopodia%20that%20contact%20ectoderm.%20By%2054%20HPF%2C%20they%20begin%20moving%20in%20the%20plane%20of%20the%20blastoderm%2C%20often%20in%20a%20directed%20fashion%2C%20towards%20the%20coelomic%20pouches.%20Isolated%20small%20micromeres%20also%20produced%20blebs%20and%20filopodia.%20Conclusions%3A%20Previous%20work%20suggested%20that%20passive%20translocation%20governs%20some%20of%20the%20movement%20of%20small%20micromeres%20during%20gastrulation.%20Here%20we%20show%20that%20small%20micromeres%20are%20motile%20cells%20that%20can%20traverse%20the%20archenteron%2C%20change%20position%20along%20the%20left-right%20axis%2C%20and%20migrate%20to%20coelomic%20pouches.%20These%20motility%20mechanisms%20are%20likely%20to%20play%20an%20important%20role%20in%20their%20left-right%20segregation.%20%28C%29%202014%20Wiley%20Periodicals%2C%20Inc.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.24133%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221058-8388%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228B4GMGDM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cole%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECole%2C%20B.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Epel%2C%20D.%20%282013%29.%20Cost%2C%20effectiveness%20and%20environmental%20relevance%20of%20multidrug%20transporters%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Experimental%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E216%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2820%29%2C%203896%26%23x2013%3B3905.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fjeb.090522%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fjeb.090522%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cost%2C%20effectiveness%20and%20environmental%20relevance%20of%20multidrug%20transporters%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ATP-binding%20cassette%20transporters%20protect%20cells%20via%20efflux%20of%20xenobiotics%20and%20endogenous%20byproducts%20of%20detoxification.%20While%20the%20cost%20of%20this%20ATP-dependent%20extrusion%20is%20known%20at%20the%20molecular%20level%2C%20i.e.%20the%20ATP%20used%20for%20each%20efflux%20event%2C%20the%20overall%20cost%20to%20a%20cell%20or%20organism%20of%20operating%20this%20defense%20is%20unclear%2C%20especially%20as%20the%20cost%20of%20efflux%20changes%20depending%20on%20environmental%20conditions.%20During%20prolonged%20exposure%20to%20xenobiotics%2C%20multidrug%20transporter%20activity%20could%20be%20costly%20and%20ineffective%20because%20effluxed%20substrate%20molecules%20are%20not%20modified%20in%20the%20process%20and%20could%20thus%20undergo%20repeated%20cycles%20of%20efflux%20and%20re-entry.%20Here%20we%20use%20embryos%20of%20the%20purple%20sea%20urchin%2C%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%2C%20as%20a%20model%20to%20determine%20transport%20costs%20and%20benefits%20under%20environmentally%20relevant%20xenobiotic%20concentrations.%20Strikingly%2C%20our%20results%20show%20that%20efflux%20transporter%20activity%20costs%20less%20than%200.2%25%20of%20total%20ATP%20usage%2C%20as%20a%20proportion%20of%20oxygen%20consumption.%20The%20benefits%20of%20transport%2C%20defined%20as%20the%20reduction%20in%20substrate%20accumulation%20due%20to%20transporter%20activity%2C%20depended%20largely%2C%20but%20not%20entirely%2C%20on%20the%20rate%20of%20passive%20flux%20of%20each%20substrate%20across%20the%20plasma%20membrane.%20One%20of%20the%20substrates%20tested%20exhibited%20rapid%20membrane%20permeation%20coupled%20with%20high%20rates%20of%20efflux%2C%20thus%20inducing%20rapid%20and%20futile%20cycles%20of%20efflux%20followed%20by%20re-entry%20of%20the%20substrate.%20This%20combination%20significantly%20reduced%20transporter%20effectiveness%20as%20a%20defense%20and%20increased%20costs%20even%20at%20relatively%20low%20substrate%20concentrations.%20Despite%20these%20effects%20with%20certain%20substrates%2C%20our%20results%20show%20that%20efflux%20transporters%20are%20a%20remarkably%20effective%20and%20low-cost%20first%20line%20of%20defense%20against%20exposure%20to%20environmentally%20relevant%20concentrations%20of%20xenobiotics.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fjeb.090522%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-0949%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QDJW4QBL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gokirmak%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGokirmak%2C%20T.%2C%20Campanale%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Shipp%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Moy%2C%20G.%20W.%2C%20Tao%2C%20H.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282012%29.%20Localization%20and%20Substrate%20Selectivity%20of%20Sea%20Urchin%20Multidrug%20%28MDR%29%20Efflux%20Transporters.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Biological%20Chemistry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E287%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2852%29%2C%2043876%26%23x2013%3B43883.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1074%5C%2Fjbc.M112.424879%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1074%5C%2Fjbc.M112.424879%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Localization%20and%20Substrate%20Selectivity%20of%20Sea%20Urchin%20Multidrug%20%28MDR%29%20Efflux%20Transporters%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gokirmak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campanale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shipp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20cloned%2C%20expressed%20and%20functionally%20characterized%20Stronglycentrotus%20purpuratus%20%28Sp%29%20ATP-binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20transporters.%20This%20screen%20identified%20three%20multidrug%20resistance%20%28MDR%29%20transporters%20with%20functional%20homology%20to%20the%20major%20types%20of%20MDR%20transporters%20found%20in%20humans.%20When%20overexpressed%20in%20embryos%2C%20the%20apical%20transporters%20Sp-ABCB1a%2C%20ABCB4a%2C%20and%20ABCG2a%20can%20account%20for%20as%20much%20as%2087%25%20of%20the%20observed%20efflux%20activity%2C%20providing%20a%20robust%20assay%20for%20their%20substrate%20selectivity.%20Using%20this%20assay%2C%20we%20found%20that%20sea%20urchin%20MDR%20transporters%20export%20canonical%20MDR%20susbtrates%20such%20as%20calcein-AM%2C%20bodipy-verapamil%2C%20bodipy-vinblastine%2C%20and%20mitoxantrone.%20In%20addition%2C%20we%20characterized%20the%20impact%20of%20nonconservative%20substitutions%20in%20the%20primary%20sequences%20of%20drug%20binding%20domains%20of%20sea%20urchin%20versus%20murine%20ABCB1%20by%20mutation%20of%20Sp-ABCB1a%20and%20treatment%20of%20embryos%20with%20stereoisomeric%20cyclic%20peptide%20inhibitors%20%28QZ59%20compounds%29.%20The%20results%20indicated%20that%20two%20substitutions%20in%20transmembrane%20helix%206%20reverse%20stereoselectivity%20of%20Sp-ABCB1a%20for%20QZ59%20enantiomers%20compared%20with%20mouse%20ABCB1a.%20This%20suggests%20that%20subtle%20changes%20in%20the%20primary%20sequence%20of%20transporter%20drug%20binding%20domains%20could%20fine-tune%20substrate%20specificity%20through%20evolution.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1074%5C%2Fjbc.M112.424879%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220021-9258%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%2C%228DL3QYZR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DB64UQG4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Whalen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWhalen%2C%20K.%2C%20Reitzel%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282012%29.%20Actin%20polymerization%20controls%20the%20activation%20of%20multidrug%20efflux%20at%20fertilization%20by%20translocation%20and%20fine-scale%20positioning%20of%20ABCB1%20on%20microvilli.%20%3Ci%3EMolecular%20Biology%20of%20the%20Cell%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E23%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2818%29%2C%203663%26%23x2013%3B3672.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1091%5C%2Fmbc.E12-06-0438%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1091%5C%2Fmbc.E12-06-0438%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Actin%20polymerization%20controls%20the%20activation%20of%20multidrug%20efflux%20at%20fertilization%20by%20translocation%20and%20fine-scale%20positioning%20of%20ABCB1%20on%20microvilli%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whalen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reitzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Fertilization%20changes%20the%20structure%20and%20function%20of%20the%20cell%20surface.%20In%20sea%20urchins%2C%20these%20changes%20include%20polymerization%20of%20cortical%20actin%20and%20a%20coincident%2C%20switch-like%20increase%20in%20the%20activity%20of%20the%20multidrug%20efflux%20transporter%20ABCB1a.%20However%2C%20it%20is%20not%20clear%20how%20cortical%20reorganization%20leads%20to%20changes%20in%20membrane%20transport%20physiology.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20used%20three-dimensional%20superresolution%20fluorescence%20microscopy%20to%20resolve%20the%20fine-scale%20movements%20of%20the%20transporter%20along%20polymerizing%20actin%20filaments%2C%20and%20we%20show%20that%20efflux%20activity%20is%20established%20after%20ABCB1a%20translocates%20to%20the%20tips%20of%20the%20microvilli.%20Inhibition%20of%20actin%20polymerization%20or%20bundle%20formation%20prevents%20tip%20localization%2C%20resulting%20in%20the%20patching%20of%20ABCB1a%20at%20the%20cell%20surface%20and%20decreased%20efflux%20activity.%20In%20contrast%2C%20enhanced%20actin%20polymerization%20promotes%20tip%20localization.%20Finally%2C%20interference%20with%20Rab11%2C%20a%20regulator%20of%20apical%20recycling%2C%20inhibits%20activation%20of%20efflux%20activity%20in%20embryos.%20Together%20our%20results%20show%20that%20actin-mediated%2C%20short-range%20traffic%20and%20positioning%20of%20transporters%20at%20the%20cell%20surface%20regulates%20multidrug%20efflux%20activity%20and%20highlight%20the%20multifaceted%20roles%20of%20microvilli%20in%20the%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20membrane%20proteins.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1091%5C%2Fmbc.E12-06-0438%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221059-1524%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223QP4Q6UC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Shipp%20and%20Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EShipp%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282012%29.%20ATP-binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20transporter%20expression%20and%20localization%20in%20sea%20urchin%20development.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Dynamics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E241%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%201111%26%23x2013%3B1124.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.23786%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.23786%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22ATP-binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20transporter%20expression%20and%20localization%20in%20sea%20urchin%20development%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shipp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%3A%20ATP-binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20transporters%20are%20membrane%20proteins%20that%20regulate%20intracellular%20concentrations%20of%20myriad%20compounds%20and%20ions.%20There%20are%20%3E100%20ABC%20transporter%20predictions%20in%20the%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%20genome%2C%20including%2040%20annotated%20ABCB%2C%20ABCC%2C%20and%20ABCG%20multidrug%20efflux%20transporters.%20Despite%20the%20importance%20of%20multidrug%20transporters%20for%20protection%20and%20signaling%2C%20their%20expression%20patterns%20have%20not%20been%20characterized%20in%20deuterostome%20embryos.%20Results%3A%20Sea%20urchin%20embryos%20expressed%2020%20ABCB%2C%20ABCC%2C%20and%20ABCG%20transporter%20genes%20in%20the%20first%2058%20hr%20of%20development%2C%20from%20unfertilized%20egg%20to%20early%20prism.%20We%20quantified%20transcripts%20of%20ABCB1a%2C%20ABCB4a%2C%20ABCC1%2C%20ABCC5a%2C%20ABCC9a%2C%20and%20ABCG2b%2C%20and%20found%20that%20ABCB1a%20mRNA%20was%2010100%20times%20more%20abundant%20than%20other%20transporter%20mRNAs.%20In%20situ%20hybridization%20showed%20ABCB1a%20was%20expressed%20ubiquitously%20in%20embryos%2C%20while%20ABCC5a%20was%20restricted%20to%20secondary%20mesenchyme%20cells%20and%20their%20precursors.%20Fluorescent%20protein%20fusions%20showed%20localization%20of%20ABCB1a%20on%20apical%20cell%20surfaces%2C%20and%20ABCC5a%20on%20basolateral%20surfaces.%20Conclusions%3A%20Embryos%20use%20many%20ABC%20transporters%20with%20predicted%20functions%20in%20cell%20signaling%2C%20lysosomal%20and%20mitochondrial%20homeostasis%2C%20potassium%20channel%20regulation%2C%20pigmentation%2C%20and%20xenobiotic%20efflux.%20Detailed%20characterization%20of%20ABCB1a%20and%20ABCC5a%20revealed%20that%20they%20have%20different%20temporal%20and%20spatial%20gene%20expression%20profiles%20and%20protein%20localization%20patterns%20that%20correlate%20to%20their%20predicted%20functions%20in%20protection%20and%20development%2C%20respectively.%20Developmental%20Dynamics%20241%3A11111124%2C%202012.%20%28c%29%202012%20Wiley%20Periodicals%2C%20Inc.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fdvdy.23786%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221058-8388%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%2C%228DL3QYZR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HMWD4K5L%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Campanale%20and%20Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECampanale%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282012%29.%20Programmed%20reduction%20of%20ABC%20transporter%20activity%20in%20sea%20urchin%20germline%20progenitors.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopment%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E139%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20783%26%23x2013%3B792.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.076752%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1242%5C%2Fdev.076752%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Programmed%20reduction%20of%20ABC%20transporter%20activity%20in%20sea%20urchin%20germline%20progenitors%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campanale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22ATP-binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20transporters%20protect%20embryos%20and%20stem%20cells%20from%20mutagens%20and%20pump%20morphogens%20that%20control%20cell%20fate%20and%20migration.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20measured%20dynamics%20of%20ABC%20transporter%20activity%20during%20formation%20of%20sea%20urchin%20embryonic%20cells%20necessary%20for%20the%20production%20of%20gametes%2C%20termed%20the%20small%20micromeres.%20Unexpectedly%2C%20we%20found%20small%20micromeres%20accumulate%202.32%20times%20more%20of%20the%20ABC%20transporter%20substrates%20calcein-AM%2C%20CellTrace%20RedOrange%2C%20BoDipy-verapamil%20and%20BoDipy-vinblastine%2C%20than%20any%20other%20cell%20in%20the%20embryo%2C%20indicating%20a%20reduction%20in%20multidrug%20efflux%20activity.%20The%20reduction%20in%20small%20micromere%20ABC%20transporter%20activity%20is%20mediated%20by%20a%20pulse%20of%20endocytosis%20occurring%2020-60%20minutes%20after%20the%20appearance%20of%20the%20micromeres%20-%20the%20precursors%20of%20the%20small%20micromeres.%20Treating%20embryos%20with%20phenylarsine%20oxide%2C%20an%20inhibitor%20of%20endocytosis%2C%20prevents%20the%20reduction%20of%20transporter%20activity.%20Tetramethylrhodamine%20dextran%20and%20cholera%20toxin%20B%20uptake%20experiments%20indicate%20that%20micromeres%20have%20higher%20rates%20of%20bulk%20and%20raft-associated%20membrane%20endocytosis%20during%20the%20window%20of%20transporter%20downregulation.%20We%20hypothesized%20that%20this%20loss%20of%20efflux%20transport%20could%20be%20required%20for%20the%20detection%20of%20developmental%20signaling%20molecules%20such%20as%20germ%20cell%20chemoattractants.%20Consistent%20with%20this%20hypothesis%2C%20we%20found%20that%20the%20inhibition%20of%20ABCB%20and%20ABCC-types%20of%20efflux%20transporters%20disrupts%20the%20ordered%20distribution%20of%20small%20micromeres%20to%20the%20left%20and%20right%20coelomic%20pouches.%20These%20results%20point%20to%20tradeoffs%20between%20signaling%20and%20the%20protective%20functions%20of%20the%20transporters.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1242%5C%2Fdev.076752%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220950-1991%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2288MQNCMH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Patel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EPatel%2C%20S.%2C%20Ramakrishnan%2C%20L.%2C%20Rahman%2C%20T.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20Marchant%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Taylor%2C%20C.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Brailoiu%2C%20E.%20%282011%29.%20The%20endo-lysosomal%20system%20as%20an%20NAADP-sensitive%20acidic%20Ca%282%2B%29%20store%3A%20Role%20for%20the%20two-pore%20channels.%20%3Ci%3ECell%20Calcium%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E50%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20157%26%23x2013%3B167.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ceca.2011.03.011%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ceca.2011.03.011%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20endo-lysosomal%20system%20as%20an%20NAADP-sensitive%20acidic%20Ca%282%2B%29%20store%3A%20Role%20for%20the%20two-pore%20channels%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ramakrishnan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rahman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marchant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brailoiu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Accumulating%20evidence%20suggests%20that%20the%20endo-lysosomal%20system%20provides%20a%20substantial%20store%20of%20Ca%282%2B%29%20that%20is%20tapped%20by%20the%20Ca%282%2B%29-mobilizing%20messenger%2C%20NAADP.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20we%20review%20evidence%20that%20NAADP-mediated%20Ca%282%2B%29%20release%20from%20this%20acidic%20Ca%282%2B%29%20store%20proceeds%20through%20activation%20of%20the%20newly%20described%20two-pore%20channels%20%28TPCs%29.%20We%20discuss%20recent%20advances%20in%20defining%20the%20sub-cellular%20targeting%2C%20topology%20and%20biophysics%20of%20TPCs.%20We%20also%20discuss%20physiological%20roles%20and%20the%20evolution%20of%20this%20ubiquitous%20ion%20channel%20family.%20%28C%29%202011%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ceca.2011.03.011%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220143-4160%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224C5L5ZNI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bosnjak%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBosnjak%2C%20I.%2C%20Uhlinger%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20Heim%2C%20W.%2C%20Smital%2C%20T.%2C%20Franekic-Colic%2C%20J.%2C%20Coale%2C%20K.%2C%20Epel%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282009%29.%20Multidrug%20Efflux%20Transporters%20Limit%20Accumulation%20of%20Inorganic%2C%20but%20Not%20Organic%2C%20Mercury%20in%20Sea%20Urchin%20Embryos.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E43%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2821%29%2C%208374%26%23x2013%3B8380.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Fes901677r%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Fes901677r%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Multidrug%20Efflux%20Transporters%20Limit%20Accumulation%20of%20Inorganic%2C%20but%20Not%20Organic%2C%20Mercury%20in%20Sea%20Urchin%20Embryos%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bosnjak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Uhlinger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smital%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Franekic-Colic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coale%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Mercuric%20compounds%20are%20persistent%20global%20pollutants%20that%20accumulate%20in%20marine%20organisms%20and%20in%20humans%20who%20consume%20them.%20While%20the%20chemical%20cycles%20and%20speciation%20of%20mercury%20in%20the%20oceans%20are%20relatively%20well%20described%2C%20the%20cellular%20mechanisms%20that%20govern%20which%20forms%20of%20mercury%20accumulate%20in%20cells%20and%20why%20they%20persist%20are%20less%20understood.%20In%20this%20study%20we%20examined%20the%20role%20of%20multidrug%20efflux%20transport%20in%20the%20differential%20accumulation%20of%20inorganic%20%28HgCl%282%29%29%20and%20organic%20%28CH%283%29HgCl%29%20mercury%20in%20sea%20urchin%20%28Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%29%20embryos.%20We%20found%20that%20inhibition%20of%20MRP%5C%2FABCC-type%20transporters%20increases%20intracellular%20accumulation%20of%20inorganic%20mercury%20but%20had%20no%20effect%20on%20accumulation%20of%20organic%20mercury.%20Similarly%2C%20pharmacological%20inhibition%20of%20metal%20conjugating%20enzymes%20by%20ligands%20GST%5C%2FGSH%20significantly%20increases%20this%20antimitotic%20potency%20of%20inorganic%20mercury%2C%20but%20had%20no%20effect%20on%20the%20potency%20of%20organic%20mercury.%20Our%20results%20point%20to%20MRP-mediated%20elimination%20of%20inorganic%20mercury%20conjugates%20as%20a%20cellular%20basis%20for%20differences%20in%20the%20accumulation%20and%20potency%20of%20the%20two%20major%20forms%20of%20mercury%20found%20in%20marine%20environments.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Fes901677r%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220013-936X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KHNJYX7E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20%282009%29.%20Reduced%20intracellular%20accumulation%20of%20calcein%20by%20overexpression%20of%20fluorescent%20protein%20fusions%20of%20the%20multidrug%20transporter%20Sp-ABCB1a%2C%20in%20sea%20urchin%20%28Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%29%20embryos.%20%3Ci%3EMount%20Desert%20Island%20Biological%20Laboratory%20Bulletin%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E48%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2059%26%23x2013%3B62.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reduced%20intracellular%20accumulation%20of%20calcein%20by%20overexpression%20of%20fluorescent%20protein%20fusions%20of%20the%20multidrug%20transporter%20Sp-ABCB1a%2C%20in%20sea%20urchin%20%28Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%29%20embryos.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22THIQQ4AC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Epel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEpel%2C%20D.%2C%20Luckenbach%2C%20T.%2C%20Stevenson%2C%20C.%20N.%2C%20Macmanus-Spencer%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Smital%2C%20T.%20%282008%29.%20Efflux%20transporters%3A%20Newly%20appreciated%20roles%20in%20protection%20against%20pollutants.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E42%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%203914%26%23x2013%3B3920.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Fes087187v%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Fes087187v%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Efflux%20transporters%3A%20Newly%20appreciated%20roles%20in%20protection%20against%20pollutants%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Luckenbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stevenson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macmanus-Spencer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smital%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Fes087187v%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220013-936X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JLFNYM4A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hamdoun%20and%20Epel%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Epel%2C%20D.%20%282007%29.%20Embryo%20stability%20and%20vulnerability%20in%20an%20always%20changing%20world.%20%3Ci%3EProceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E104%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%201745%26%23x2013%3B1750.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.0610108104%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1073%5C%2Fpnas.0610108104%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Embryo%20stability%20and%20vulnerability%20in%20an%20always%20changing%20world%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Contrary%20to%20the%20view%20that%20embryos%20and%20larvae%20are%20the%20most%20fragile%20stages%20of%20life%2C%20development%20is%20stable%20under%20real-world%20conditions.%20Early%20cleavage%20embryos%20are%20prepared%20for%20environmental%20vagaries%20by%20having%20high%20levels%20of%20cellular%20defenses%20already%20present%20in%20the%20egg%20before%20fertilization.%20Later%20in%20development%2C%20adaptive%20responses%20to%20the%20environment%20either%20buffer%20stress%20or%20produce%20alternative%20developmental%20phenotypes.%20These%20buffers%2C%20defenses%2C%20and%20alternative%20pathways%20set%20physiological%20limits%20for%20development%20under%20expected%20conditions%3B%20teratology%20occurs%20when%20embryos%20encounter%20unexpected%20environmental%20changes%20and%20when%20stress%20exceeds%20these%20limits.%20Of%20concern%20is%20that%20rapid%20anthropogenic%20changes%20to%20the%20environment%20are%20beyond%20the%20range%20of%20these%20protective%20mechanisms.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1073%5C%2Fpnas.0610108104%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-8424%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VT7I29PQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Roepke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERoepke%2C%20T.%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Cherr%2C%20G.%20N.%20%282006%29.%20Increase%20in%20multidrug%20transport%20activity%20is%20associated%20with%20oocyte%20maturation%20in%20sea%20stars.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopment%20Growth%20%26amp%3B%20Differentiation%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E48%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%20559%26%23x2013%3B573.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1440-169x.2006.00893.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1440-169x.2006.00893.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Increase%20in%20multidrug%20transport%20activity%20is%20associated%20with%20oocyte%20maturation%20in%20sea%20stars%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roepke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cherr%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20report%20on%20the%20presence%20of%20efflux%20transporter%20activity%20before%20oocyte%20maturation%20in%20sea%20stars%20and%20its%20upregulation%20after%20maturation.%20This%20activity%20is%20similar%20to%20the%20multidrug%20resistance%20%28MDR%29%20activity%20mediated%20by%20ATP%20binding%20cassette%20%28ABC%29%20efflux%20transporters.%20In%20sea%20star%20oocytes%20the%20efflux%20activity%2C%20as%20measured%20by%20exclusion%20of%20calcein-am%2C%20increased%20two-fold%203%20h%20post-maturation.%20Experiments%20using%20specific%20and%20non-specific%20dyes%20and%20inhibitors%20demonstrated%20that%20the%20increase%20in%20transporter%20activity%20involves%20an%20ABCB%20protein%2C%20P-glycoprotein%20%28P-gp%29%2C%20and%20an%20ABCC%20protein%20similar%20to%20the%20MDR-associated%20protein%20%28MRP%29-like%20transporters.%20Western%20blots%20using%20an%20antibody%20directed%20against%20mammalian%20P-gp%20recognized%20a%2045%20kDa%20protein%20in%20sea%20star%20oocytes%20that%20increased%20in%20abundance%20during%20maturation.%20An%20antibody%20directed%20against%20sea%20urchin%20ABCC%20proteins%20%28MRP%29%20recognized%20three%20proteins%20in%20immature%20oocytes%20and%20two%20in%20mature%20oocytes.%20Experiments%20using%20inhibitors%20suggest%20that%20translation%20and%20microtubule%20function%20are%20both%20required%20for%20post-maturation%20increases%20in%20transporter%20activity.%20Immunolabeling%20revealed%20translocation%20of%20stored%20ABCB%20proteins%20to%20the%20plasma%20cell%20membrane%20during%20maturation%2C%20and%20this%20translocation%20coincided%20with%20increased%20transport%20activity.%20These%20MDR%20transporters%20serve%20protective%20roles%20in%20oocytes%20and%20eggs%2C%20as%20demonstrated%20by%20sensitization%20of%20the%20oocytes%20to%20the%20maturation%20inhibitor%2C%20vinblastine%2C%20by%20MRP%20and%20PGP-specific%20transporter%20inhibitors.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1440-169x.2006.00893.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-1592%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KRQ7QFXG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Goldstone%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGoldstone%2C%20J.%20V.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20Cole%2C%20B.%20J.%2C%20Howard-Ashby%2C%20M.%2C%20Nebert%2C%20D.%20W.%2C%20Scally%2C%20M.%2C%20Dean%2C%20M.%2C%20Epel%2C%20D.%2C%20Hahn%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Stegeman%2C%20J.%20J.%20%282006%29.%20The%20chemical%20defensome%3A%20Environmental%20sensing%20and%20response%20genes%20in%20the%20%3Ci%3EStrongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%20%3C%5C%2Fi%3Egenome.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E300%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20366%26%23x2013%3B384.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2006.08.066%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2006.08.066%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20chemical%20defensome%3A%20Environmental%20sensing%20and%20response%20genes%20in%20the%20%3Ci%3EStrongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%20%3C%5C%2Fi%3Egenome%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goldstone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Howard-Ashby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nebert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scally%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dean%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hahn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stegeman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Metazoan%20genomes%20contain%20large%20numbers%20of%20genes%20that%20participate%20in%20responses%20to%20environmental%20stressors.%20We%20surveyed%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%20genome%20for%20homologs%20of%20gene%20families%20thought%20to%20protect%20against%20chemical%20stressors%3B%20these%20genes%20collectively%20comprise%20the%20%27chemical%20defensome.%27%20Chemical%20defense%20genes%20include%20cytochromes%20P450%20and%20other%20oxidases%2C%20various%20conjugating%20enzymes%2C%20ATP-dependent%20efflux%20transporters%2C%20oxidative%20detoxification%20proteins%2C%20and%20transcription%20factors%20that%20regulate%20these%20genes.%20Together%20such%20genes%20account%20for%20more%20than%20400%20genes%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20genome.%20The%20transcription%20factors%20include%20homologs%20of%20the%20aryl%20hydrocarbon%20receptor%2C%20hypoxia-inducible%20factor%2C%20nuclear%20factor%20erythroid-derived%202%2C%20heat%20shock%20factor%2C%20and%20nuclear%20hormone%20receptors%2C%20which%20regulate%20stress-response%20genes%20in%20vertebrates.%20Some%20defense%20gene%20families%2C%20including%20the%20ABCC%2C%20the%20UGT%2C%20and%20the%20CYP%20families%2C%20have%20undergone%20expansion%20in%20the%20urchin%20relative%20to%20other%20deuterostome%20genomes%2C%20whereas%20the%20stress%20sensor%20gene%20families%20do%20not%20show%20such%20expansion.%20More%20than%20half%20of%20the%20defense%20genes%20are%20expressed%20during%20embryonic%20or%20larval%20life%20stages%2C%20indicating%20their%20importance%20during%20development.%20This%20genome-wide%20survey%20of%20chemical%20defense%20genes%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin%20reveals%20evolutionary%20conservation%20of%20this%20network%20combined%20with%20lineage-specific%20diversification%20that%20together%20suggest%20the%20importance%20of%20these%20chemical%20stress%20sensing%20and%20response%20mechanisms%20in%20early%20deuterostomes.%20These%20results%20should%20facilitate%20future%20studies%20on%20the%20evolution%20of%20chemical%20defense%20gene%20networks%20and%20the%20role%20of%20these%20networks%20in%20protecting%20embryos%20from%20chemical%20stress%20during%20development.%20%28c%29%202006%20Elsevier%20Inc.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2006.08.066%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-1606%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G9J8MYWR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sea%20Urchin%20Genome%20Sequencing%20Consortium%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESea%20Urchin%20Genome%20Sequencing%20Consortium.%20%282006%29.%20Research%20article%20-%20The%20genome%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus.%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E314%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285801%29%2C%20941%26%23x2013%3B952.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1133609%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1133609%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Research%20article%20-%20The%20genome%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sea%20Urchin%20Genome%20Sequencing%20Consortium%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20report%20the%20sequence%20and%20analysis%20of%20the%20814-megabase%20genome%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20Strongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%2C%20a%20model%20for%20developmental%20and%20systems%20biology.%20The%20sequencing%20strategy%20combined%20whole-genome%20shotgun%20and%20bacterial%20artificial%20chromosome%20%28BAC%29%20sequences.%20This%20use%20of%20BAC%20clones%2C%20aided%20by%20a%20pooling%20strategy%2C%20overcame%20difficulties%20associated%20with%20high%20heterozygosity%20of%20the%20genome.%20The%20genome%20encodes%20about%2023%2C300%20genes%2C%20including%20many%20previously%20thought%20to%20be%20vertebrate%20innovations%20or%20known%20only%20outside%20the%20deuterostomes.%20This%20echinoderm%20genome%20provides%20an%20evolutionary%20outgroup%20for%20the%20chordates%20and%20yields%20insights%20into%20the%20evolution%20of%20deuterostomes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%202006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.1133609%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220036-8075%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JY4U8ZUS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Epel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEpel%2C%20D.%2C%20Cole%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Thurber%2C%20R.%20V.%20%282006%29.%20The%20sea%20urchin%20embryo%20as%20a%20model%20for%20studying%20efflux%20transporters%3A%20Roles%20and%20energy%20cost.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20Environmental%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E62%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20S1%26%23x2013%3BS4.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marenvres.2006.04.062%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marenvres.2006.04.062%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20sea%20urchin%20embryo%20as%20a%20model%20for%20studying%20efflux%20transporters%3A%20Roles%20and%20energy%20cost%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thurber%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20describe%20the%20use%20of%20the%20sea%20urchin%20as%20a%20model%20for%20studying%20efflux%20transporters%20and%20estimating%20energy%20cost%20for%20the%20cytotoxin%20protective%20system%20provided%20by%20these%20transporters.%20The%20unfertilized%20egg%20has%20low%20transport%20activity%2C%20which%20increases%20to%20a%20new%20steady%20state%20shortly%20after%20fertilization.%20Activity%20results%20from%20p-glycoprotein%20%28p-gp%29%20and%20MRP%20type%20transporters%20which%20protect%20the%20embryo%20from%20cytotoxic%20drugs%20that%20can%20disrupt%20cell%20division%20or%20induce%20apoptosis.%20The%20energy%20cost%20is%20estimated%20from%20a%20novel%20use%20of%20calcein-AM%20as%20a%20substrate%3B%20keeping%200.25%20mu%20M%20substrate%20levels%20out%20of%20the%20cell%20utilizes%20only%200.023%25%20of%20steady%20state%20respiration.%20%28c%29%202006%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.marenvres.2006.04.062%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220141-1136%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YURWEUPZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hamdoun%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Cherr%2C%20G.%20N.%2C%20Roepke%2C%20T.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Epel%2C%20D.%20%282004%29.%20Activation%20of%20multidrug%20efflux%20transporter%20activity%20at%20fertilization%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%20%28%3Ci%3EStrongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%29.%20%3Ci%3EDevelopmental%20Biology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E276%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20452%26%23x2013%3B462.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2004.09.013%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2004.09.013%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Activation%20of%20multidrug%20efflux%20transporter%20activity%20at%20fertilization%20in%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%20%28%3Ci%3EStrongylocentrotus%20purpuratus%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cherr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roepke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20study%20presents%20functional%20and%20molecular%20evidence%20for%20acquisition%20of%20multidrug%20transporter-mediated%20efflux%20activity%20as%20a%20consequence%20of%20fertilization%20in%20the%20sea%20urchin.%20Sea%20urchin%20eggs%20and%20embryos%20express%20low%20levels%20of%20efflux%20transporter%20genes%20with%20homology%20to%20the%20multidrug%20resistance%20associated%20protein%20%28mrp%29%20and%20permeability%20glycoprotein%20%28p-gp%29%20families%20of%20ABC%20transporters.%20The%20corresponding%20efflux%20activity%20is%20low%20in%20unfertilized%20eggs%20but%20is%20dramatically%20upregulated%20within%2025%20min%20of%20fertilization%3B%20the%20expression%20of%20this%20activity%20does%20not%20involve%20de%20novo%20gene%20expression%20and%20is%20insensitive%20to%20inhibitors%20of%20transcription%20and%20translation%20indicating%20activation%20of%20pre-existing%20transporter%20protein.%20Our%20study%2C%20using%20specific%20inhibitors%20of%20efflux%20transporters%2C%20indicates%20that%20the%20major%20activity%20is%20from%20one%20or%20more%20mrp-like%20transporters.%20The%20expression%20of%20activity%20at%20fertilization%20requires%20microfilaments%2C%20suggesting%20that%20the%20transporters%20are%20in%20vesicles%20and%20moved%20to%20the%20surface%20after%20fertilization.%20Pharmacological%20inhibition%20of%20mrp-mediated%20efflux%20activity%20with%20MK571%20sensitizes%20embryos%20to%20the%20toxic%20compound%20vinblastine%2C%20confirming%20that%20one%20role%20for%20the%20efflux%20transport%20activity%20is%20embryo%20protection%20from%20xenobiotics.%20In%20addition%2C%20inhibition%20of%20mrp%20activity%20with%20MK571%20alone%20retards%20mitosis%20indicating%20that%20mrp-like%20activity%20may%20also%20be%20required%20for%20early%20cell%20divisions.%20%28C%29%202004%20Elsevier%20Inc.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.ydbio.2004.09.013%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220012-1606%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L73ESCZZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Smital%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-08-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESmital%2C%20T.%2C%20Luckenbach%2C%20T.%2C%20Sauerborn%2C%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHamdoun%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Vega%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Epel%2C%20D.%20%282004%29.%20Emerging%20contaminants--pesticides%2C%20PPCPs%2C%20microbial%20degradation%20products%20and%20natural%20substances%20as%20inhibitors%20of%20multixenobiotic%20defense%20in%20aquatic%20organisms.%20%3Ci%3EMutation%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E552%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%26%23x2013%3B2%29%2C%20101%26%23x2013%3B117.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.mrfmmm.2004.06.006%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.mrfmmm.2004.06.006%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Emerging%20contaminants--pesticides%2C%20PPCPs%2C%20microbial%20degradation%20products%20and%20natural%20substances%20as%20inhibitors%20of%20multixenobiotic%20defense%20in%20aquatic%20organisms%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smital%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Luckenbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sauerborn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hamdoun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vega%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20environmental%20presence%20of%20chemosensitizers%20or%20inhibitors%20of%20the%20multixenobiotic%20resistance%20%28MXR%29%20defense%20system%20in%20aquatic%20organisms%20could%20cause%20increase%20in%20intracellular%20accumulation%20and%20toxic%20effects%20of%20other%20xenobiotics%20normally%20effluxed%20by%20MXR%20transport%20proteins%20%28P-glycoprotein%20%28P-gps%29%2C%20MRPs%29.%20MXR%20inhibition%20with%20concomitant%20detrimental%20effects%20has%20been%20shown%20in%20several%20studies%20with%20aquatic%20organisms%20exposed%20to%20both%20model%20MXR%20inhibitors%20and%20environmental%20pollutants.%20The%20presence%20of%20MXR%20inhibitors%20has%20been%20demonstrated%20in%20environmental%20samples%20from%20polluted%20locations%20at%20concentrations%20that%20could%20abolish%20P-gp%20transport%20activity.%20However%2C%20it%20is%20not%20clear%20whether%20the%20inhibition%20observed%20after%20exposure%20to%20environmental%20samples%20is%20a%20result%20of%20saturation%20of%20MXR%20transport%20proteins%20by%20numerous%20substrates%20present%20in%20polluted%20waters%20or%20results%20from%20the%20presence%20of%20powerful%20MXR%20inhibitors.%20And%20are%20potent%20environmental%20MXR%20inhibitors%20natural%20or%20man-made%20chemicals%3F%20As%20a%20consequence%20of%20these%20uncertainties%2C%20no%20official%20action%20has%20been%20taken%20to%20monitor%20and%20control%20the%20release%20and%20presence%20of%20MXR%20inhibitors%20into%20aquatic%20environments.%20In%20this%20paper%20we%20present%20our%20new%20results%20addressing%20these%20critical%20questions.%20Ecotoxicological%20significance%20of%20MXR%20inhibition%20was%20supported%20in%20in%20vivo%20studies%20that%20demonstrated%20an%20increase%20in%20the%20production%20of%20mutagenic%20metabolites%20by%20mussels%20and%20an%20increase%20in%20the%20number%20of%20sea%20urchin%20embryos%20with%20apoptotic%20cells%20after%20exposure%20to%20model%20MXR%20inhibitors.%20We%20also%20demonstrated%20that%20MXR%20inhibitors%20are%20present%20among%20both%20conventional%20and%20emerging%20man-made%20pollutants%3A%20some%20pesticides%20and%20synthetic%20musk%20fragrances%20show%20extremely%20high%20MXR%20inhibitory%20potential%20at%20environmentally%20relevant%20concentrations.%20In%20addition%2C%20we%20emphasized%20the%20biological%20transformation%20of%20crude%20oil%20hydrocarbons%20into%20MXR%20inhibitors%20by%20oil-degrading%20bacteria%2C%20and%20the%20risk%20potentially%20caused%20by%20powerful%20natural%20MXR%20inhibitors%20produced%20by%20invasive%20species.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%2018%202004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.mrfmmm.2004.06.006%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-5107%20%28Print%29%200027-5107%20%28Linking%29%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XJF3ZTZN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A25%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Nesbit, K. T., Hargadon, A. C., Renaudin, G. D., Kraieski, N. D., Buckley, K. M., Darin, E., Lee, Y., Hamdoun, A., & Schrankel, C. S. (2024). Characterization of cellular and molecular immune components of the painted white sea urchin Lytechinus pictus in response to bacterial infection. Immunology & Cell Biology, imcb.12828. https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12828
Jackson, E. W., Romero, E., Kling, S., Lee, Y., Tjeerdema, E., & Hamdoun, A. (2024). Stable germline transgenesis using the Minos Tc1/ mariner element in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Development, 151(20), dev202991. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202991
Barone, V., Tagua, A., Román, J. Á. A.-S., Hamdoun, A., Garrido-García, J., Lyons, D. C., & Escudero, L. M. (2024). Local and global changes in cell density induce reorganisation of 3D packing in a proliferating epithelium. Development, 151(20), dev202362. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.202362
Vacquier, V. D., & Hamdoun, A. (2024). Cold storage and cryopreservation methods for spermatozoa of the sea urchins Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . Developmental Dynamics, dvdy.691. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.691
Tate, H. M., Barone, V., Schrankel, C. S., Hamdoun, A., & Lyons, D. C. (2024). Localization and origins of juvenile skeletogenic cells in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Developmental Biology, 514, 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.05.012
Tjeerdema, E., Lee, Y., Metry, R., & Hamdoun, A. (2023). Semi‐automated, high‐content imaging of drug transporter knockout sea urchin ( Lytechinus pictus ) embryos. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, jez.b.23231. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.23231
Michel, M. E., Wen, C. C., Yee, S. W., Giacomini, K. M., Hamdoun, A., & Nicklisch, S. C. T. (2023). TICBase : Integrated Resource for Data on Drug and Environmental Chemical Interactions with Mammalian Drug Transporters. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, cpt.3036. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.3036
Lee, Y., Tjeerdema, E., Kling, S., Chang, N., & Hamdoun, A. (2023). Solute carrier (SLC) expression reveals skeletogenic cell diversity. Developmental Biology, 503, 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.08.004
Vyas, H., Schrankel, C. S., Espinoza, J. A., Mitchell, K. L., Nesbit, K. T., Jackson, E., Chang, N., Lee, Y., Warner, J., Reitzel, A., Lyons, D. C., & Hamdoun, A. (2022). Generation of a homozygous mutant drug transporter (ABCB1) knockout line in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Development, 149(11), 7. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.200644
Nicklisch, S. C. T., Pouv, A. K., Rees, S. D., McGrath, A. P., Chang, G., & Hamdoun, A. (2021). Transporter-interfering chemicals inhibit P-glycoprotein of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology, 248, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109101
Vacquier, V. D., & Hamdoun, A. (2021). New techniques for creating parthenogenetic larvae of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus for gene expression studies. Developmental Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.377
Warner, J. F., Lord, J. W., Schreiter, S. A., Nesbit, K. T., Hamdoun, A., & Lyons, D. C. (2021). Chromosomal-level genome assembly of the painted sea urchin Lytechinus pictus: A genetically enabled model system for cell biology and embryonic development. Genome Biology and Evolution, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab061
Schrankel, C. S., & Hamdoun, A. (2021). Early patterning of ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG transporters establishes unique territories of small molecule transport in embryonic mesoderm and endoderm. Developmental Biology, 472, 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.021
Fleming, T. J., Schrankel, C. S., Vyas, H., Rosenblatt, H. D., & Hamdoun, A. (2021). CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis reveals a role for ABCB1 in gut immune responses to Vibrio diazotrophicus in sea urchin larvae. Journal of Experimental Biology, 224(7). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.232272
Nicklisch, S. C. T., & Hamdoun, A. (2020). Disruption of small molecule transporter systems by Transporter-Interfering Chemicals (TICs). Febs Letters, 594(23), 4158–4185. https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14005
Nesbit, K. T., & Hamdoun, A. (2020). Embryo, larval, and juvenile staging of Lytechinus pictus from fertilization through sexual maturation. Developmental Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.223
Li, A. F., Espinoza, J., & Hamdoun, A. (2020). Inhibitory effects of neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine on fertilization and early development of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Aquatic Toxicology, 221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105425
Gordon, W. E., Espinoza, J. A., Leerberg, D. M., Yelon, D., & Hamdoun, A. (2019). Xenobiotic transporter activity in zebrafish embryo ionocytes. Aquatic Toxicology, 212, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.013
Shipp, L. E., Hill, R. Z., & Hamdoun, A. (2019). A teaching laboratory on the activation of xenobiotic transporters at fertilization of sea urchins. In K. R. Foltz & A. Hamdoun (Eds.), Echinoderms, Pt A (Vol. 150, pp. 429–447). Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.11.013
Nesbit, K. T., Fleming, T., Batzel, G., Pouv, A., Rosenblatt, H. D., Pace, D. A., Hamdoun, A., & Lyons, D. C. (2019). The painted sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus, as a genetically-enabled developmental model. In K. R. Foltz & A. Hamdoun (Eds.), Echinoderms, Pt A (Vol. 150, pp. 105–123). Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd.
Campanale, J. P., Hamdoun, A., Wessel, G. M., Su, Y. H., & Oulhen, N. (2019). Methods to label, isolate, and image sea urchin small micromeres, the primordial germ cells (PGCs). In K. R. Foltz & A. Hamdoun (Eds.), Echinoderms, Pt A (Vol. 150, pp. 269-+). Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd.
Schrankel, C. S., Gokirmak, T., Lee, C. W., Chang, G., & Hamdoun, A. (2019). Generation, expression and utilization of single-domain antibodies for in vivo protein localization and manipulation in sea urchin embryos. In A. Hamdoun & K. R. Foltz (Eds.), Echinoderms, Pt B (Vol. 151, pp. 353–376). Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd.
Foltz, K. R., & Hamdoun, A. (2019). Echinoderms, Part A. In K. R. Foltz & A. Hamdoun (Eds.), Echinoderms, Pt A (Vol. 150, p. XIX–XX). Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd.
Barron, M. E., Thies, A. B., Espinoza, J. A., Barott, K. L., Hamdoun, A., & Tresguerres, M. (2018). A vesicular Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in coral calcifying cells. PLOS ONE, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205367
Mascuch, S. J., Boudreau, P. D., Carland, T. M., Pierce, N. T., Olson, J., Hensler, M. E., Choi, H., Campanale, J., Hamdoun, A., Nizet, V., Gerwick, W. H., Gaasterland, T., & Gerwick, L. (2018). Marine natural product honaucin A attenuates inflammation by activating the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Journal of Natural Products, 81(3), 506–514. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00734
Nicklisch, S. C. T., Bonito, L. T., Sandin, S., & Hamdoun, A. (2017). Mercury levels of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) are associated with capture location. Environmental Pollution, 229, 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.070
Nicklisch, S. C. T., Bonito, L. T., Sandin, S., & Hamdoun, A. (2017). Geographic differences in persistent organic pollutant levels of yellowfin tuna. Environ Health Perspect, 125(6), 067014. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp518
Gokirmak, T., Campanale, J. P., Reitzel, A. M., Shipp, L. E., Moy, G. W., & Hamdoun, A. (2016). Functional diversification of sea urchin ABCC1 (MRP1) by alternative splicing. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 310(11), C911–C920. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00029.2016
Nicklisch, S. C. T., Rees, S. D., McGrath, A. P., Gökirmak, T., Bonito, L. T., Vermeer, L. M., Cregger, C., Loewen, G., Sandin, S., Chang, G., & Hamdoun, A. (2016). Global marine pollutants inhibit P-glycoprotein: Environmental levels, inhibitory effects, and cocrystal structure. Science Advances, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600001
Bonito, L. T., Hamdoun, A., & Sandin, S. A. (2016). Evaluation of the global impacts of mitigation on persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutants in marine fish. PeerJ, 4. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1573
Shipp, L. E., Hill, R. Z., Moy, G. W., Gokirmak, T., & Hamdoun, A. (2015). ABCC5 is required for cAMP-mediated hindgut invagination in sea urchin embryos. Development, 142(20), 3537–3548. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.126144
Gokirmak, T., Shipp, L. E., Campanale, J. P., Nicklisch, S. C. T., & Hamdoun, A. (2014). Transport in technicolor: Mapping ATP-binding cassette transporters in sea urchin embryos. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 81(9), 778–793. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22357
Swartz, S. Z., Reich, A. M., Oulhen, N., Raz, T., Milos, P. M., Campanale, J. P., Hamdoun, A., & Wessel, G. M. (2014). Deadenylase depletion protects inherited mRNAs in primordial germ cells. Development, 141(16), 3134–3142. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.110395
Campanale, J. P., Gokirmak, T., Espinoza, J. A., Oulhen, N., Wessel, G. M., & Hamdoun, A. (2014). Migration of sea urchin primordial germ cells. Developmental Dynamics, 243(7), 917–927. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.24133
Cole, B. J., Hamdoun, A., & Epel, D. (2013). Cost, effectiveness and environmental relevance of multidrug transporters in sea urchin embryos. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(20), 3896–3905. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.090522
Gokirmak, T., Campanale, J. P., Shipp, L. E., Moy, G. W., Tao, H. C., & Hamdoun, A. (2012). Localization and Substrate Selectivity of Sea Urchin Multidrug (MDR) Efflux Transporters. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287(52), 43876–43883. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.424879
Whalen, K., Reitzel, A. M., & Hamdoun, A. (2012). Actin polymerization controls the activation of multidrug efflux at fertilization by translocation and fine-scale positioning of ABCB1 on microvilli. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 23(18), 3663–3672. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E12-06-0438
Shipp, L. E., & Hamdoun, A. (2012). ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter expression and localization in sea urchin development. Developmental Dynamics, 241(6), 1111–1124. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.23786
Campanale, J. P., & Hamdoun, A. (2012). Programmed reduction of ABC transporter activity in sea urchin germline progenitors. Development, 139(4), 783–792. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.076752
Patel, S., Ramakrishnan, L., Rahman, T., Hamdoun, A., Marchant, J. S., Taylor, C. W., & Brailoiu, E. (2011). The endo-lysosomal system as an NAADP-sensitive acidic Ca(2+) store: Role for the two-pore channels. Cell Calcium, 50(2), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceca.2011.03.011
Bosnjak, I., Uhlinger, K. R., Heim, W., Smital, T., Franekic-Colic, J., Coale, K., Epel, D., & Hamdoun, A. (2009). Multidrug Efflux Transporters Limit Accumulation of Inorganic, but Not Organic, Mercury in Sea Urchin Embryos. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(21), 8374–8380. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901677r
Hamdoun, A. (2009). Reduced intracellular accumulation of calcein by overexpression of fluorescent protein fusions of the multidrug transporter Sp-ABCB1a, in sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryos. Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory Bulletin, 48, 59–62.
Epel, D., Luckenbach, T., Stevenson, C. N., Macmanus-Spencer, L. A., Hamdoun, A., & Smital, T. (2008). Efflux transporters: Newly appreciated roles in protection against pollutants. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(11), 3914–3920. https://doi.org/10.1021/es087187v
Hamdoun, A., & Epel, D. (2007). Embryo stability and vulnerability in an always changing world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(6), 1745–1750. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610108104
Roepke, T. A., Hamdoun, A. M., & Cherr, G. N. (2006). Increase in multidrug transport activity is associated with oocyte maturation in sea stars. Development Growth & Differentiation, 48(9), 559–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.2006.00893.x
Goldstone, J. V., Hamdoun, A., Cole, B. J., Howard-Ashby, M., Nebert, D. W., Scally, M., Dean, M., Epel, D., Hahn, M. E., & Stegeman, J. J. (2006). The chemical defensome: Environmental sensing and response genes in the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome. Developmental Biology, 300(1), 366–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.066
Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Consortium. (2006). Research article - The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Science, 314(5801), 941–952. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133609
Epel, D., Cole, B., Hamdoun, A., & Thurber, R. V. (2006). The sea urchin embryo as a model for studying efflux transporters: Roles and energy cost. Marine Environmental Research, 62, S1–S4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.04.062
Hamdoun, A. M., Cherr, G. N., Roepke, T. A., & Epel, D. (2004). Activation of multidrug efflux transporter activity at fertilization in sea urchin embryos (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). Developmental Biology, 276(2), 452–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.09.013
Smital, T., Luckenbach, T., Sauerborn, R., Hamdoun, A. M., Vega, R. L., & Epel, D. (2004). Emerging contaminants--pesticides, PPCPs, microbial degradation products and natural substances as inhibitors of multixenobiotic defense in aquatic organisms. Mutation Research, 552(1–2), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.006